Civil rights movement

=== Johnson administration: 1963–1969 ===
{{Further|Civil Rights Act of 1964|War on Poverty|Lyndon B. Johnson}}

Lyndon Johnson made civil rights one of his highest priorities, coupling it with a "[[war on poverty]]." However, the increasing opposition to the Vietnam War, coupled with the cost of the war, undercut support for his domestic programs.<ref>[[David Zarefsky]], ''President Johnson's war on poverty: Rhetoric and history'' (2005).</ref>

Under Kennedy, major civil rights legislation had been stalled in Congress. His assassination changed everything. On one hand, President Lyndon Johnson was a much more skillful negotiator than Kennedy, but he had behind him a powerful national momentum demanding immediate action on moral and emotional grounds. Demands for immediate action originated from unexpected directions, especially white Protestant church groups. The Justice Department, led by Robert Kennedy, moved from a posture of defending Kennedy from the quagmire minefield of racial politics to acting to fulfill his legacy. The violent death and public reaction dramatically moved the conservative Republicans, led by Senator [[Everett McKinley Dirksen]], whose support was the margin of victory for the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. The act immediately ended de jure (legal) segregation and the era of Jim Crow.<ref>Peter J. Ling, "What a difference a death makes: JFK, LBJ, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964." ''The Sixties'' 8#2 (2015): 121–137.</ref>

With the civil rights movement at full blast, Lyndon Johnson coupled black entrepreneurship with his war on poverty, setting up special programs in the Small Business Administration, the Office of Economic Opportunity, and other agencies.<ref>Robert E. Weems Jr., ''Business in Black and White: American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs'' (2009).</ref> This time there was money for loans designed to boost minority business ownership. Richard Nixon greatly expanded the program, setting up the Office of Minority Business Enterprise (OMBE) in the expectation that black entrepreneurs would help defuse racial tensions and possibly support his reelection.<ref>{{cite book |author=Douglas Schoen |author-link=Douglas Schoen |title=The Nixon Effect: How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgRDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34 |year=2015 |publisher=Encounter Books |pages=34–35 |isbn=978-1-59403-800-6}}</ref>