COVID-19 pandemic Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Impact == {{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}} {{Further|Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}} === Economics === {{Main|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}} {{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation|l1=Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology|l2=on science and technology|Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|l3=on financial markets|2020 stock market crash|COVID-19 recession}} [[File:Stock-indices-2020crash+recovery.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|A [[stock index]] chart shows the [[2020 stock market crash]].]] The pandemic and responses to it damaged the global economy. On 27 February 2020, worries about the outbreak crushed US stock indexes, which posted their sharpest falls since 2008.<ref name="U7teI" /> Tourism collapsed due to travel restrictions, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against travel. Airlines cancelled flights, while British regional airline [[Flybe (1979–2020)|Flybe]] collapsed.<ref name="z2VrM" /> The cruise line industry was hard hit,<ref name="smh20200227">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Turner B |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/most-significant-crisis-in-the-history-of-travel-where-to-now-for-tourism-20200227-p5450j.html |title='Most significant crisis in the history of travel': where to now for tourism? |date=4 April 2020 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> and train stations and ferry ports closed.<ref name="wnn7L" /> International mail stopped or was delayed.<ref name="wsj1158868721">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/another-coronavirus-business-problem-skyrocketing-cost-of-air-cargo-11588687216 |title=You've Got Mail ... Finally: The Pandemic Is Jamming Up the World's Post |access-date=15 May 2020 |date=5 May 2020 | vauthors = Cherney M, Craymer L |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref> The retail sector faced reductions in store hours or closures.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Tyko |first1=kelly |title=How COVID permanently changed shopping and restaurants |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/03/17/stores-restaurants-covid-changes |access-date=5 June 2023 |date=17 March 2023}}</ref> Retailers in Europe and Latin America faced traffic declines of 40 percent. North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50–60 percent drop.<ref name="20200402aislelabs">{{#invoke:citation/CS2 ||url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/04/02/how-retailers-globally-are-responding-to-coronavirus-updated-frequently/ |title=How Retailers Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs |newspaper=Aislelabs |date=2 April 2020|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Shopping centres faced a 33–43 percent drop in foot traffic in March compared to February. Mall operators around the world coped by increasing sanitation, installing thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancelling events.<ref name="J6Y6Z" /> Hundreds of millions of jobs were lost,<ref name="aljazeera2004271718">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Half the world's workers face losing their jobs, says ILO |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/world-workers-face-losing-jobs-ilo-200427171840169.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200506csmonitor">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Temko |first1=Ned |title=No jobs, so what future? Half the world's workforce on the edge. |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2020/0506/No-jobs-so-what-future-Half-the-world-s-workforce-on-the-edge |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> including more than 40 million jobs in the US.<ref name="20200528WaPo">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Americans have filed more than 40 million jobless claims in past 10 weeks, as another 2.1 million filed for benefits last week | vauthors = Romm T |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/28/unemployment-claims-coronavirus/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=28 May 2020}}</ref> According to a report by [[Yelp]], about 60% of US businesses that closed will stay shut permanently.<ref name="vLHxV">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Sundaram |first1=Anjali |title=Yelp data shows 60% of business closures due to the coronavirus pandemic are now permanent |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/16/yelp-data-shows-60percent-of-business-closures-due-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic-are-now-permanent.html |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=CNBC |date=16 September 2020 }}</ref> The [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) reported that the income generated in the first nine months of 2020 from work across the world dropped by 10.7 percent, or $3.5 trillion.<ref name="rd8bm">{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-ilo/pandemic-slashes-worldwide-income-from-work-by-a-tenth-ilo-idUSKCN26E1SM|title=Pandemic slashes worldwide income from work by a tenth: ILO|access-date=23 September 2020|work=Reuters|date=23 September 2020| vauthors = Nebehay S }}</ref> ==== Supply shortages ==== {{Main|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}} [[File:Ntuc super store, Singapore (49505410793).jpg|thumb|COVID-19 fears led to panic buying of essentials across the world, including toilet paper, instant noodles, bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant, and rubbing alcohol (picture taken in February 2020).]] Pandemic fears led to [[panic buying]], emptying groceries of essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water. Panic buying stemmed from perceived threat, perceived scarcity, fear of the unknown, coping behaviour and social psychological factors (e.g. [[social influence]] and trust).<ref name="cSvA4">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Yuen KF, Wang X, Ma F, Li KX|date=May 2020|title=The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=17|issue=10|page=3513|doi=10.3390/ijerph17103513|pmc=7277661|pmid=32443427|doi-access=free|s2cid=218856048}}</ref> [[Shortage|Supply shortages]] were due to disruption to factory and logistic operations; shortages were worsened by [[supply chain]] disruptions from factory and port shutdowns, and labour shortages.<ref name="XvcU9" /> Shortages continued as managers underestimated the speed of economic recovery after the initial economic crash. The technology industry, in particular, warned of delays from underestimates of [[semiconductor]] demand for vehicles and other products.<ref name="AutoDW-263" /> According to WHO Secretary-General Tedros Ghebreyesus, demand for [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) rose one hundredfold, pushing prices up twentyfold.<ref name="AutoDW-275" /><ref name="AutoDW-276" /> PPE stocks were exhausted everywhere.<ref name="Mycfo" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Lewis |first1=Amanda Chicago |title=The hustlers and scammers behind the pandemic supply chain nightmare |url=https://www.theverge.com/c/23010055/pandemic-ppe-supply-chain-gloves-coronavirus |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=The Verge |date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Bauchner |first1=Howard |last2=Fontanarosa |first2=Phil B. |last3=Livingston |first3=Edward H. |title=Conserving Supply of Personal Protective Equipment—A Call for Ideas |journal=JAMA |date=19 May 2020 |volume=323 |issue=19 |pages=1911 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.4770 |pmid=32196543 |s2cid=214600902 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763590 |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref> In September 2021, the [[World Bank]] reported that food prices remained generally stable and the supply outlook remained positive. However, the poorest countries witnessed a sharp increase in food prices, reaching the highest level since the pandemic began.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Ventura |first1= Luca |title=Global Finance Magazine – Poorest Countries in the World 2023 |url=https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/the-poorest-countries-in-the-world |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Global Finance Magazine |date=2 May 2023 }}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Anyanwu |first1=John C. |last2=Salami |first2=Adeleke O. |title=The impact of COVID-19 on African economies: An introduction |journal=African Development Review |date=April 2021 |volume=33 |issue=S1 |pages=S1–S16 |doi=10.1111/1467-8268.12531 |pmid=34149237 |pmc=8207010 }}</ref> The Agricultural Commodity Price Index stabilized in the third quarter but remained 17% higher than in January 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Food Security and COVID-19|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-and-covid-19|access-date=23 December 2021|website=World Bank}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/> By contrast, petroleum products were in surplus at the beginning of the pandemic, as demand for gasoline and other products collapsed due to reduced commuting and other trips.<ref name="BBC, US oil prices, 21 April 2020">[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52350082 US oil prices turn negative as demand dries up], BBC, 21 April 2020.</ref> The [[2021 global energy crisis]] was driven by a global surge in demand as the world economy recovered. Energy demand was particularly strong in Asia.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Energy crunch: How high will oil prices climb? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/27/energy-crunch-how-high-will-oil-prices-climb |work=Al-Jazeera |date=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Smith |first1=Alexander |title=Cascade of problems fuels world energy crisis as another winter looms |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/covid-center-world-energy-crunch-cascade-problems-fuel-rcna2688 |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=NBC News |date=8 October 2021 }}</ref> === Arts and cultural heritage === {{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage}} The performing arts and [[cultural heritage sector]]s were profoundly affected by the pandemic. Both organisations' and individuals' operations have been impacted globally. By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.<ref name="v5Qlx">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=MCGIVERN|first1=HANNAH|last2=KENNEY|first2=NANCY|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/here-are-the-museums-that-have-closed-due-to-coronavirus |title=Here are the museums that have closed (so far) due to coronavirus |website=theartnewspaper.com |date=14 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329062120/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/here-are-the-museums-that-have-closed-due-to-coronavirus |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 2021 [[UNESCO]] report estimated ten million job losses worldwide in the culture and creative industries.<ref name="Ottone">{{#invoke:cite book ||last=Ottone |first=Ernesto |title=UNESCO The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity: Marking the 20th Anniversary |publisher=[[Khalili Foundation]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-3999-1149-8 |location=London |pages=13–15 |chapter=Foreword |author-link=Ernesto Ottone}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=UNESCO: 10 million creative jobs lost in Covid crisis |url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/news/unesco-10-million-creative-jobs-lost-in-covid-crisis |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=The Stage }}</ref> Some services continued through digital platforms,<ref name="ZljIY">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://mcn.edu/a-guide-to-virtual-museum-resources/ |title=The Ultimate Guide to Virtual Museum Resources |date=15 March 2020 |website=MCN |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Burke2020" /><ref name="SxIEK" /> such as live streaming concerts<ref name="SZ5Mc" /> or web-based arts festivals.<ref name="mYlLn" /> === Politics === {{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics}} {{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations}} The pandemic affected political systems, causing suspensions of legislative activities,<ref name="20200313nationalpost">{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-parliament-suspended-until-april-due-to-coronavirus-crisis |title=Federal government announces aggressive measures to battle COVID-19 as parliament suspended until April | vauthors = Tumilty R |date=13 March 2020 |newspaper=Nationalpost |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> isolations or deaths of politicians,<ref name="20200318foreignpolicy">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/18/coronavirus-corridors-power-which-world-leaders-have-covid-19/ |title=Coronavirus in the Corridors of Power | vauthors = Mackinnon A, Palder D | date=18 March 2020 |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> and rescheduled elections.<ref name="20200427nytimes">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Corasaniti N, Saul S |url= https://www.nytimes.com/article/2020-campaign-primary-calendar-coronavirus.html |title=15 States Have Postponed Primaries During the Pandemic. One Has Canceled. |date=27 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 April 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Although they developed broad support among epidemiologists, NPIs (non-pharmaceutical interventions) were controversial in many countries. Intellectual opposition came primarily from other fields, along with heterodox epidemiologists.<ref name="74OHE">''The Economist'', 4 April 2020, p. 14.</ref> ====Brazil==== The pandemic (and the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil#Responses|response of Brazilian politicians]] to it) led to widespread panic, confusion, and pessimism in Brazil.<ref name="BenderdaSilvaBaum2022">{{#invoke:cite journal || last1=Sott | first1=Michele Kremer | last2=Bender | first2=Mariluza Sott | last3=da Silva Baum | first3=Kamila | title=Covid-19 Outbreak in Brazil: Health, Social, Political, and Economic Implications | journal=International Journal of Health Services | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=52 | issue=4 | date=4 September 2022 | issn=0020-7314 | doi=10.1177/00207314221122658 | pages=442–454| pmid=36062608 | pmc=9445630 }}</ref> When questioned regarding record deaths in the country in April 2020, Brazilian President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] said "So what? I'm sorry. What do you want me to do about it?"<ref name="Conde 2020">{{#invoke:cite journal || last=Conde | first=Maite | title=Brazil in the Time of Coronavirus | journal=Geopolítica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder | publisher=Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) | volume=11 | issue=Especial | date=11 May 2020 | issn=2172-7155 | doi=10.5209/geop.69349 | pages=239–249| s2cid=219439973 }}</ref> Bolsonaro disregarded WHO-recommended mitigation techniques and instead [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil#Comments by Bolsonaro|downplayed the risks of the virus]], promoted increased economic activity, spread [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil#Presidential responses|misinformation]] about the efficacy of masks, vaccines and public health measures, and distributed unproven treatments including [[Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic|hydroxychloroquine]] and [[ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic|ivermectin]].<ref name="BenderdaSilvaBaum2022"/> A series of [[List of Ministers of Health of Brazil|federal health ministers]] resigned or were dismissed after they refused to implement Bolsonaro's policies.<ref name="Londono2020">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Londoño |first1=Ernesto |title=Another Health Minister in Brazil Exits Amid Chaotic Coronavirus Response |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/world/americas/brazil-health-minister-bolsonaro.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Disagreements between federal and state governments led to a chaotic and delayed response to the rapid spread of the virus,<ref name="Dantas2020">{{#invoke:cite journal || last=Dantas | first=E. | title=Brazilian report on the coronavirus crisis: A clash of pandemics | journal=Medicine and Law | date=2020 | pages=153–160 | url=https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/pt/covidwho-824117 | language=pt | access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref> exacerbated by preexisting social and economic disparities in the country.<ref name="BenderdaSilvaBaum2022"/><ref name="CarnutMendesGuerra2020">{{#invoke:cite journal || last1=Carnut | first1=Leonardo | last2=Mendes | first2=Áquilas | last3=Guerra | first3=Lucia | title=Coronavirus, Capitalism in Crisis and the Perversity of Public Health in Bolsonaro's Brazil | journal=International Journal of Health Services | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=51 | issue=1 | date=18 October 2020 | issn=0020-7314 | doi=10.1177/0020731420965137 | pages=18–30| pmid=33070682 | s2cid=224782017 }}</ref> Employment, investment and valuation of the [[Brazilian real]] plummeted to record lows.<ref name="BenderdaSilvaBaum2022"/><ref name="ReutersBrazil2020">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Brazil stocks post steepest fall since 1998, real hits historic low 5.00 per dollar |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-markets/brazil-stocks-post-steepest-fall-since-1998-real-hits-historic-low-5-00-per-dollar-idUSKBN20Z3J1 |work=Reuters |date=12 March 2020 }}</ref> Brazil was also heavily affected by the Delta and Omicron variants.<ref name="AlcantaraNogueiraShuabTosta2022">{{#invoke:cite journal || last1=Alcantara | first1=Luiz Carlos Junior | last2=Nogueira | first2=Elisson | last3=Shuab | first3=Gabriel | last4=Tosta | first4=Stephane | last5=Fristch | first5=Hegger | last6=Pimentel | first6=Victor | last7=Souza-Neto | first7=Jayme A. | last8=Coutinho | first8=Luiz Lehmann | last9=Fukumasu | first9=Heidge | last10=Sampaio | first10=Sandra Coccuzzo | last11=Elias | first11=Maria Carolina | last12=Kashima | first12=Simone | last13=Slavov | first13=Svetoslav Nanev | last14=Ciccozzi | first14=Massimo | last15=Cella | first15=Eleonora | last16=Lourenco | first16=José | last17=Fonseca | first17=Vagner | last18=Giovanetti | first18=Marta | title=SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Brazil: how the displacement of variants has driven distinct epidemic waves | journal=Virus Research | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=315 | year=2022 | issn=0168-1702 | doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198785 | page=198785| pmid=35461905 | pmc=9022374 }}</ref> At the height of the outbreak in the spring of 2021, 3,000+ Brazilians were dying per day.<ref name="BBCBrazilMarch2021">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Covid: Brazil's daily deaths surpass 3,000 for first time |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56260570 |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=BBC News |date=24 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="NPRBrazilApril2021">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Reeves |first1=Philip |title=Brazil COVID-19: 'Humanitarian Crisis' With More Than 3,000 Deaths A Day |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/15/987741403/brazil-covid-19-humanitarian-crisis-with-more-than-3-000-deaths-a-day |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=NPR |date=15 April 2021}}</ref> Bolsonaro's loss to [[Lula da Silva]] in the [[2022 Brazilian general election|2022 presidential election]] is widely credited to the former's [[Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro#Response to COVID-19 pandemic|mishandling of the pandemic]].<ref name="ChomskyPolychroniou2023">{{#invoke:cite book || last1=Chomsky | first1=Noam | last2=Polychroniou | first2=C.J. | title=Illegitimate Authority | publisher=Haymarket Books | date=9 May 2023 | isbn=978-1-64259-934-3 | page=}}</ref><ref name="EconomistBolsonaroLoss2022">{{#invoke:cite news || title=Jair Bolsonaro is poised to lose the Brazilian election | newspaper=The Economist | date=8 September 2022 | url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2022/09/08/jair-bolsonaro-is-poised-to-lose-the-brazilian-election | access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Milhorance2022October">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Milhorance |first1=Flávia |title=Bolsonaro, in defeat, may now face charges. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/30/world/americas/bolsonaro-charges-lost.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=30 October 2022}}</ref> ==== China ==== {{Further|China–United States relations#COVID-19}} Multiple provincial-level administrators of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) were dismissed over their handling of quarantine measures. Some commentators claimed this move was intended to protect CCP General Secretary [[Xi Jinping]].<ref name="vLpPa" /> The [[US intelligence community]] claimed that China intentionally under-reported its COVID-19 caseload.<ref name="20200402nytimes">{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Barnes|first1=Julian |title=C.I.A. Hunts for Authentic Virus Totals in China, Dismissing Government Tallies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/us/politics/cia-coronavirus-china.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 April 2020}}</ref> The Chinese government maintained that it acted swiftly and transparently.<ref name="hMc3w">{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-07/china-denies-cover-up-rejects-politicization-of-coronavirus?sref=nAHOTXiV |title=China Denies Cover-Up, Rejects 'Politicization' of Coronavirus |access-date=7 June 2020 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=7 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=China says there has never been a cover-up on coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-mofa-idCAKBN21Z0XC |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=17 April 2020 }}</ref> Journalists and activists in China who reported on the pandemic were detained by authorities,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=24 September 2020|title=Chen Qiushi: Chinese journalist missing since February 'under state supervision'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54277439|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=23 April 2020|title=Li Zehua: Journalist who 'disappeared' after Wuhan chase reappears|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52392762|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> including [[Zhang Zhan]], who was arrested and tortured.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=28 December 2020|title=Zhang Zhan: China jails citizen journalist for Wuhan reports|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55463241|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web || date=10 December 2020|last1=Davidson|first1=Helen|title=Citizen journalist detained over Wuhan reporting 'restrained and fed by tube'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/10/citizen-journalist-detained-over-wuhan-reporting-restrained-and-fed-by-tube|access-date=16 February 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> ==== Italy ==== [[File:Palazzo Margherita lit in Italian flag to show solidarity under COVID-19 pandemic.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Palazzo Margherita lit in Italian flag to show solidarity during the COVID-19 pandemic on 26 March 2020]] In early March 2020, the Italian government criticised the EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Boffey |first1=Daniel |title=Italy criticises EU for being slow to help over coronavirus epidemic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/italy-criticises-eu-being-slow-help-coronavirus-epidemic |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Braw |first1=Elisabeth |title=The EU Is Abandoning Italy in Its Hour of Need |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/14/coronavirus-eu-abandoning-italy-china-aid/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=Foreign Policy |date=14 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="politico-corona">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1= Karnitschnig|first1=Matthew |title=China is winning the coronavirus propaganda war |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-china-winning-propaganda-war/ |work=Politico |date=18 March 2020}}</ref> On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister [[Giuseppe Conte]], Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] ordered the [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian army]] to send military medics, disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.<ref name="reuters219081">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Russian army to send coronavirus help to Italy after Putin phone call |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-italy/russian-army-to-send-coronavirus-help-to-italy-after-putin-phone-call-idUSKBN219081 |work=Reuters |date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200328insideover">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Vivaldelli R |title=Quelle polemiche infondate sugli aiuti russi all'Italia |url=https://it.insideover.com/politica/quelle-polemiche-infondate-sugli-aiuti-russi-allitalia.html |work={{Lang|it|[[Il Giornale]]}} |date=28 March 2020}}</ref> In early April, Norway and EU states like Romania and Austria started to offer help by sending medical personnel and disinfectant,<ref name="eumedicalteams">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Coronavirus: EU Medical Teams deployed to Italy |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_613 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |date=1 July 2020}}</ref> and [[European Commission]] President [[Ursula von der Leyen]] offered an official apology to the country .<ref name="euapology">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=EU offers 'heartfelt apology' to Italy over coronavirus response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/16/eu-offers-heartfelt-apology-italy-coronavirus-response-herd-immunity |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=1 July 2020}}</ref> ==== United States ==== [[File:Open Ohio Rally IMG 0910 (49799974031).jpg|thumb|Anti-lockdown [[Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|protesters]] rallied at [[Ohio Statehouse]] 20 April 2020.<ref name="Columbus Dispatch">{{#invoke:cite news ||vauthors=Rouan R |title=Protesters at Statehouse demand state reopen as DeWine announces schools to remain closed |url=https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425004821/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] Beginning in mid-April 2020, protestors objected to government-imposed business closures and restrictions on personal movement and assembly.<ref name="5YqAF">"Coronavirus: Anti-Lockdown Protests Grow Across US". BBC News. 17 April 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200417172715/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52330531 Archived] from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</ref> Simultaneously, [[essential workers]] protested unsafe conditions and low wages by participating in a brief [[general strike]].<ref name="c114M">{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = Russ H |title=Instacart, Amazon workers strike as labor unrest grows during coronavirus crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-instacart-idUSKBN21H3AV |work=Reuters |access-date=24 July 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> Some political analysts claimed that the pandemic contributed to President [[Donald Trump]]'s [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]] defeat.<ref name="TrumpChances">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Haberman M, Martin M, Jonathan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-vs-biden.html |title=Trump's Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier |date=12 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 March 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="AtlanticChances">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Lowrey A |title=The Economy Is Collapsing. So Are Trump's Reelection Chances. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/most-important-number-trumps-re-election-chances/609376/ |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> The [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]] prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including [[universal health care]], [[universal child care]], [[paid sick leave]], and higher levels of funding for public health.<ref name="NYT Calls">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Miller CC |title=Could the Pandemic Wind Up Fixing What's Broken About Work in America? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/upshot/coronavirus-future-work-america.html |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hill5">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Swanson I |title=Five ways the coronavirus could change American politics |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/495761-five-ways-the-coronavirus-could-change-american-politics |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=The Hill |date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ddn2P">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Cohen|first1=Michael| url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/13/opinion/americas-botched-response-coronavirus-is-problem-bigger-than-donald-trump/ |title=America's botched response to the coronavirus is a problem bigger than Donald Trump |website=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> The [[Kaiser Family Foundation]] estimated that preventable hospitalizations of unvaccinated Americans in the second half of 2021 cost US$13.8 billion.<ref name="Amin">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Amin K, Cox C |title=Unvaccinated COVID-19 hospitalizations cost billions of dollars |journal=Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker |date=22 December 2021 |url=https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/unvaccinated-covid-patients-cost-the-u-s-health-system-billions-of-dollars/#Preventable%20COVID-related%20hospitalization%20costs%20for%20unvaccinated%20adults%20in%20the%20U.S.,%20June-November%202021 |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref> There were also protest in regards to vaccine mandates in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Hughes |first1=Trevor |title=As Biden vaccine mandates loom, protests for personal freedoms swell. What happens next? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/10/29/biden-vaccine-mandates-loom-protests-personal-freedoms-swell/8539853002/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=USA TODAY}}</ref> In January 2022, the US Supreme Court struck down an OSHA rule that mandated vaccination or a testing regimen for all companies with greater than 100 employees.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Kimball |first1=Spencer |title=Biden administration withdraws Covid vaccine mandate for businesses after losing Supreme Court case |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/25/covid-vaccine-mandate-osha-withdraws-rule-for-businesses-after-losing-supreme-court-case.html |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=CNBC |date=25 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=National Federation of Independent Business v. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/national-federation-of-independent-business-v-osha/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=SCOTUSblog}}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== The number of journalists imprisoned or detained increased worldwide; some detentions were related to the pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=15 December 2020|title=Record number of journalists imprisoned in 2020 – report|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-global-rights-journalists-idUKKBN28P0DO|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=14 December 2020|last1=Berry|first1=Alex|title=Press freedom: Journalists end up in jail for reporting on coronavirus crisis|url=https://www.dw.com/en/press-freedom-journalists-end-up-in-jail-for-reporting-on-coronavirus-crisis/a-55929247|access-date=16 February 2021|publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> The planned [[NATO]] "[[List of NATO exercises#2020|Defender 2020]]" military exercise in Germany, [[Poland]] and the [[Baltic states]], the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the [[Cold War]], was held on a reduced scale.<ref name="20200320spectator">{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Simes|first1=Dimitri |title=How coronavirus derailed the largest Nato exercise in 25 years |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-coronavirus-derailed-the-largest-nato-exercise-in-25-years |work=The Spectator |date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200319reuters">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Emmott R |title=NATO scales down exercises due to coronavirus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-nato/nato-scales-down-exercises-due-to-coronavirus-idUSKBN21627V |access-date=21 October 2020 |work=Reuters |date=19 March 2020}}</ref> The Iranian government was heavily affected by the virus, which infected some two dozen parliament members and political figures.<ref name="D2Xpc" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Berman |first1=Ilan |title=Will Iran's Regime Survive Coronavirus? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/03/will-irans-regime-survive-coronavirus/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=National Review |date=12 March 2020}}</ref> Iran President [[Hassan Rouhani]] wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, due to a lack of access to international markets.<ref name="u2rRX" /> Saudi Arabia, which had launched a [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|military intervention in Yemen]] in March 2015, declared a ceasefire.<ref name="20200409foreignpolicy">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Haverty D, Gramer R, Detsch J |title=Coronavirus Pandemic Forces a Cease-Fire in Yemen |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/09/coronavirus-pandemic-forces-cease-fire-yemen-humanitarian-crisis-saudi-arabia-houthis/ |access-date=21 October 2020 |work=Foreign Policy |date=9 April 2020}}</ref> Diplomatic relations between [[Japan–South Korea relations|Japan and South Korea]] worsened.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Sposato |first1=William |title=Japan and Korea Won't Let A Pandemic Stop Them Fighting |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/12/japan-and-korea-wont-let-a-pandemic-stop-them-fighting/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=Foreign Policy |date=12 March 2020}}</ref> South Korea criticised Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced travellers from South Korea must quarantine for two weeks.<ref name="HnqN4" /> South Korean society was initially polarised on President [[Moon Jae-in]]'s response to the crisis; many Koreans signed petitions calling for Moon's [[impeachment]] or praising his response.<ref name="imx38" /> Some countries passed emergency legislation. Some commentators expressed concern that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.<ref name="20200331theguardian">{{#invoke:cite web || last1=Walker|first1=Shaun|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/coronavirus-is-a-chance-for-authoritarian-leaders-to-tighten-their-grip |title=Authoritarian leaders may use Covid-19 crisis to tighten their grip |website=The Guardian |date=31 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200330nytimes">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/world/europe/coronavirus-governments-power.html |last1=Gebrekidam|first1=Salem|title=For Autocrats, and Others, Coronavirus Is a Chance to Grab Even More Power |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> In Hungary, the parliament voted to allow Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament and elections, and punish those deemed to have spread false information.<ref name="20200330cnn">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/30/europe/hungary-viktor-orban-powers-vote-intl/index.html |last1=Picheta|first1=Rob|title=Hungarian parliament votes to let Viktor Orban rule by decree in wake of coronavirus pandemic |publisher=CNN |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> In countries such as [[Egypt]],<ref name="dw53009293">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Michaelson|first1=Ruth|title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists |url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref name="20200401foreignpolicy">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1= Mchangama|first1=Jacob|title=Coronavirus Has Started a Censorship Pandemic |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/coronavirus-censorship-pandemic-disinformation-fake-news-speech-freedom/ |work=The Foreign Policy |date=1 April 2020}}</ref> and [[Thailand]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Peck |first1=Grant |title=Some leaders use pandemic to sharpen tools against critics |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/coronavirus-crisis-provides-excuses-for-curbs-on-free-speech/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=The Seattle Times |date=16 April 2020}}</ref> opposition activists and government critics were [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[fake news]].<ref name="20200410straitstimes">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Asia cracks down on coronavirus 'fake news' |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/coronavirus-asia-cracks-down-on-virus-fake-news |work=The Straits Times |date=10 April 2020}}</ref> In India, journalists criticising the government's response were arrested or issued warnings by police and authorities.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || date=4 October 2020|last1= BAGRI|first1=NEHA|title=As COVID-19 spreads, India tries to control the narrative by targeting journalists|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-10-04/india-targets-journalists-who-report-on-covid-19|access-date=16 February 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> === Food systems === {{Further|Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic}} The pandemic disrupted food systems worldwide,<ref name=":9b">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Q&A: COVID-19 pandemic – impact on food and agriculture|url=https://www.fao.org/2019-ncov/q-and-a/impact-on-food-and-agriculture/en/|access-date=16 October 2020|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Pryor |first1=Sydney |last2=Dietz |first2=William |title=The COVID-19, Obesity, and Food Insecurity Syndemic |journal=Current Obesity Reports |date=1 September 2022 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=70–79 |doi=10.1007/s13679-021-00462-w |pmid=35138590 |pmc=9399358 |issn=2162-4968}}</ref> hitting at a time when hunger and undernourishment were rising- an estimated 690 million people lacked food security in 2019.<ref name=":10">{{#invoke:cite book ||title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 |url=https://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/2020/en/|access-date=16 October 2020|year=2020|doi=10.4060/CA9692EN|isbn=978-92-5-132901-6 | author = FAO|author-link=Food and Agriculture Organization|author2=IFAD|author2-link=International Fund for Agricultural Development|author3=UNICEF|author3-link=UNICEF|author4=WFP|author4-link=World Food Programme|author5=WHO|author5-link=World Health Organization|s2cid=239729231}}</ref> Food access fell – driven by falling incomes, lost remittances, and disruptions to food production.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Swinnen |first1=Johan |last2=Vos |first2=Rob |title=COVID-19 and impacts on global food systems and household welfare: Introduction to a special issue |journal=Agricultural Economics |date=May 2021 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=365–374 |doi=10.1111/agec.12623 |pmid=34149127 |pmc=8206861 |issn=0169-5150}}</ref> In some cases, food prices rose.<ref name=":9b" /><ref name=":10" /> The pandemic and its accompanying lockdowns and travel restrictions slowed movement of food aid. According to the WHO, 811 million people were undernourished in 2020, "likely related to the fallout of COVID-19".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=UN report: Pandemic year marked by spike in world hunger |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/12-07-2021-un-report-pandemic-year-marked-by-spike-in-world-hunger |website=www.who.int |access-date=14 December 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Effect of COVID-19 on food security"/> === Education === {{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education}} [[File:امتحانات نهایی در شرایط کرونا 3470479.jpg|thumb|Students take end-of-year exams in [[Tabriz]], Iran, during the pandemic.]] The pandemic impacted educational systems in many countries. Many governments temporarily closed educational institutions, often replaced by [[online education]]. Other countries, such as Sweden, kept their schools open. As of September 2020, approximately 1.077 billion [[Learning|learners]] were affected due to school closures. School closures impacted students, teachers, and families with far-reaching economic and societal consequences.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Hoffman JA, Miller EA | title = Addressing the Consequences of School Closure Due to COVID-19 on Children's Physical and Mental Well-Being | journal = World Medical & Health Policy | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 300–310 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32904951 | pmc = 7461306 | doi = 10.1002/wmh3.365 }}</ref> They shed light on social and economic issues, including [[student debt]], [[digital learning]], food insecurity, and [[homelessness]], as well as access to [[Child care|childcare]], health care, housing, internet, and [[Disability rights movement|disability services]]. The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://comunicacion.senado.gob.mx/index.php/informacion/boletines/50929-covid-afecta-salud-educacion-y-entorno-familiar-de-ninas-y-ninos-senala-estudio-del-ibd.html|title=COVID afecta salud, educación y entorno familiar de niñas y niños, señala estudio del IBD|work=Senado de la República|date=1 May 2021|access-date=25 July 2021|language=es|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206184055/http://comunicacion.senado.gob.mx/index.php/informacion/boletines/50929-covid-afecta-salud-educacion-y-entorno-familiar-de-ninas-y-ninos-senala-estudio-del-ibd.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Higher Education Policy Institute reported that around 63% of students claimed worsened mental health as a result of the pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=31 March 2021|title=Covid: Many students say their mental health is worse due to pandemic|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-56570061|access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> === Health === {{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues|Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic}} The pandemic impacted global health for many conditions. Hospital visits fell.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Yu |first1=Steven |last2=Wan |first2=Rongjun |last3=Bai |first3=Lu |last4=Zhao |first4=Bingrong |last5=Jiang |first5=Qiaoling |last6=Jiang |first6=Juan |last7=Li |first7=Yuanyuan |title=Transformation of chronic disease management: Before and after the COVID-19 outbreak |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |date=29 March 2023 |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1074364 |pmid=37064686 |pmc=10090362 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Visits for heart attack symptoms declined by 38% in the US and 40% in Spain.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM, Schmidt C, Garberich R, Jaffer FA, Dixon S, Rade JJ, Tannenbaum M, Chambers J, Huang PP, Henry TD | title = Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 75 | issue = 22 | pages = 2871–2872 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32283124 | pmc = 7151384 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.011 }}</ref> The head of cardiology at the [[University of Arizona]] said, "My worry is some of these people are dying at home because they're too scared to go to the hospital."<ref name="Stat News, with serious heart symptoms away, April 23">[https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/23/coronavirus-phobia-keeping-heart-patients-away-from-er/ 'Where are all our patients?': Covid phobia is keeping people with serious heart symptoms away from ERs], ''Stat News'', Usha Lee McFarling, 23 April 2020.</ref> People with strokes and [[appendicitis]] were less likely to seek treatment.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Dula |first1=Adrienne Nicole |last2=Gealogo Brown |first2=Gretchel |last3=Aggarwal |first3=Aarushi |last4=Clark |first4=Kal L |title=Decrease in Stroke Diagnoses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Where Did All Our Stroke Patients Go? |journal=JMIR Aging |date=21 October 2020 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e21608 |doi=10.2196/21608 |pmid=33006936 |pmc=7581311 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Orthopoulos |first1=Georgios |last2=Santone |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Izzo |first3=Francesca |last4=Tirabassi |first4=Michael |last5=Pérez-Caraballo |first5=Aixa M. |last6=Corriveau |first6=Nicole |last7=Jabbour |first7=Nicolas |title=Increasing incidence of complicated appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic |journal=The American Journal of Surgery |date=1 May 2021 |volume=221 |issue=5 |pages=1056–1060 |doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.09.026 |pmid=33012500 |pmc=7521886 |issn=0002-9610}}</ref><ref name="Stat News, with serious heart symptoms away, April 23" /> [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|Medical supply shortages]] impacted many people.<ref name="Atlantic Shortages">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Faust JS |title=Medication Shortages Are the Next Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/medication-shortages-are-next-crisis/610798/ |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=28 April 2020}}</ref> The pandemic impacted [[mental health]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html|date=11 February 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Stix_2021">{{#invoke:cite web|| vauthors = Stix G |title=Pandemic Year 1 Saw a Dramatic Global Rise in Anxiety and Depression|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pandemic-year-1-saw-a-dramatic-global-rise-in-anxiety-and-depression/|access-date=10 October 2021|website=Scientific American}}</ref> increasing [[anxiety]], depression, and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], affecting healthcare workers, patients and quarantined individuals.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Luo Y, Chua CR, Xiong Z, Ho RC, Ho CS | title = A Systematic Review of the Impact of Viral Respiratory Epidemics on Mental Health: An Implication on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 11 | page = 565098 | date = 23 November 2020 | pmid = 33329106 | pmc = 7719673 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565098 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Santomauro_2021">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Santomauro DF, Herrera AM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, Abbafati C, Adolph C, Amlag JO, Aravkin AY, Bang-Jensen BL |date=8 October 2021|title=Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=The Lancet | volume = 398 | issue = 10312 | pages = 1700–1712 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7 | pmid = 34634250 | pmc = 8500697 | s2cid = 238478261 }}</ref> In late 2022, during the first northern hemisphere autumn and winter seasons following the widespread relaxation of global public health measures, North America and Europe experienced a surge in respiratory viruses and coinfections in both adults and children.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Principi |first1=Nicola |last2=Autore |first2=Giovanni |last3=Ramundo |first3=Greta |last4=Esposito |first4=Susanna |title=Epidemiology of Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=Viruses |date=13 May 2023 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=1160 |doi=10.3390/v15051160 |pmid=37243246 |pmc=10224029 |issn=1999-4915 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This formed the beginnings of the [[2022–2023 pediatric care crisis]] and what some experts have termed a "[[tripledemic]]" of seasonal influenza, [[Respiratory syncytial virus|Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)]], and SARS-CoV-2 throughout North America.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Wu |first1=Katherine |title=The Worst Pediatric-Care Crisis in Decades |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2022/10/rise-of-rsv-flu-covid-infections-kids/671947/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |publisher=The Atlantic |date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031233050/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2022/10/rise-of-rsv-flu-covid-infections-kids/671947/ |archive-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Mandavilli |first1=Apoorva |title=A 'Tripledemic'? Flu, R.S.V. and Covid May Collide This Winter, Experts Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/23/health/flu-covid-risk.html |access-date=5 November 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028223843/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/23/health/flu-covid-risk.html |archive-date=28 October 2022}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, pediatric infections also began to spike beyond pre-pandemic levels, albeit with different illnesses, such as [[Group A streptococcal infection]] and resultant [[scarlet fever]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Turner |first1=Claire E |title=Can group A streptococcus infections be influenced by viruses in the respiratory tract? |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=February 2023 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=142–144 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00865-9 |pmid=36566769 |s2cid=255018859 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00865-9/fulltext |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="United Kingdom">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Mackintosh |first1=Thomas |last2=Durbin |first2=Adam |title=Father of girl, 4, fighting for life with Strep A infection is 'praying for a miracle' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-63844880 |access-date=4 December 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125723/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-63844880 |archive-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> As of mid-December 2022, 19 children in the UK had died due to [[Streptococcus pyogenes|Strep A]] and the wave of infections had begun to spread into North America and Mainland Europe.<ref name="Strep A death">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Davis|first1=Nicola|title=Strep A kills three more children as UK activates alternative medicines plan: At least 19 children have died and scarlet fever cases are more than treble what they were in previous high season |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/dec/15/strep-a-kills-three-more-children-as-uk-activates-new-medicines-plan|access-date=17 December 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217040228/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/dec/15/strep-a-kills-three-more-children-as-uk-activates-new-medicines-plan |archive-date=17 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Strep Expansion">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Wetsman |first1=Nicole |last2=McLean |first2=Nicole |title=US children's hospitals are tracking increases in severe strep infections |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/us-childrens-hospitals-tracking-increases-severe-strep-infections/story?id=95388618 |access-date=17 December 2022 |publisher=ABC News |date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217100006/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/us-childrens-hospitals-tracking-increases-severe-strep-infections/story?id=95388618 |archive-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> The B/Yamagata lineage of [[influenza B]] might have become extinct in 2020/2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic measures.<ref name="Alhoufie2021">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Alhoufie |first1=Sari T. |last2=Alsharif |first2=Naif H. |last3=Alfarouk |first3=Khalid O. |last4=Ibrahim |first4=Nadier A. |last5=Kheyami |first5=Ali M. |last6=Aljifri |first6=Alanoud A. |title=COVID-19 with underdiagnosed influenza B and parainfluenza-2 co-infections in Saudi Arabia: Two case reports |journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health |date=November 2021 |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=1567–1570 |pmid=34627054 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.005|pmc=8442300 }}</ref><ref name="Koutsakos2021">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Koutsakos |first1=Marios |last2=Wheatley |first2=Adam K. |last3=Laurie |first3=Karen |last4=Kent |first4=Stephen J. |last5=Rockman |first5=Steve |title=Influenza lineage extinction during the COVID-19 pandemic? |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |date=December 2021 |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=741–742 |pmid=34584246 |doi=10.1038/s41579-021-00642-4 | pmc=8477979 }}</ref> There have been no naturally occurring cases confirmed since March 2020.<ref name="WHOflu2023"/><ref name="UMN2023"/> In 2023, the [[World Health Organization]] concluded that protection against the Yamagata lineage was no longer necessary in the seasonal [[flu vaccine]], reducing the number of lineages targeted by the vaccine from four to three.<ref name="WHOflu2023">{{#invoke:cite web || title= Questions and Answers: Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the southern hemisphere 2024 influenza season and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness | author = [[World Health Organization]] | url=https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-southern-hemisphere-recommendation-2024/202309_qanda_recommendation.pdf?sfvrsn=7a6906d1_5 | date=29 September 2023 | access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="UMN2023">{{#invoke:cite web || title=WHO advisers recommend switch back to trivalent flu vaccines | author = Schnirring L | website=CIDRAP | date=29 September 2023 | url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-vaccines/who-advisers-recommend-switch-back-trivalent-flu-vaccines | access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref> === Environment === {{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment}} [[File:Pollutant Drops in wuhan china due to virus.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Images from the [[NASA Earth Observatory]] show a stark drop in pollution in [[Wuhan]], when comparing [[Nitrogen dioxide|NO<sub>2</sub>]] levels in early 2019 (top) and early 2020 (bottom).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china |title=Earth Observatory |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402162640/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china |archive-date=2 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] The pandemic and the reaction to it positively affected the [[Natural environment|environment]] and [[climate]] as a result of reduced human activity. During the "[[anthropause]]", fossil fuel use decreased, resource consumption declined, and waste disposal improved, generating less pollution.<ref name=":9">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Rume T, Islam SM | title = Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability | journal = Heliyon | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = e04965 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32964165 | pmc = 7498239 | doi = 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04965 | bibcode = 2020Heliy...604965R }}</ref> [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic#Transportation|Planned air travel]] and vehicle transportation declined. In China, [[COVID-19 lockdown in Hubei|lockdowns]] and other measures resulted in a 26% decrease in coal consumption, and a 50% reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Hotle |first1=Susan |last2=Mumbower |first2=Stacey |title=The impact of COVID-19 on domestic U.S. air travel operations and commercial airport service |journal=Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives |date=1 March 2021 |volume=9 |pages=100277 |doi=10.1016/j.trip.2020.100277 |s2cid=230597573 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198220301883 |access-date=9 June 2023 |issn=2590-1982}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/air-cleaner-2020-coronavirus-pandemic-pollution/|title=The air got cleaner in 2020, thanks to the pandemic|website=[[CBS News]] |date=19 November 2020}}</ref> In 2020, a worldwide study on mammalian wildlife responses to human presence during COVID lockdowns found complex patterns of animal behavior. Carnivores were generally less active when humans were around, while herbivores in developed areas were more active. Among other findings, this suggested that herbivores may view humans as a shield against predators, highlighting the importance of location and human presence history in understanding wildlife responses to changes in human activity in a given area.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Main |first1=Douglas |title=How Wild Animals Actually Responded to Our COVID Lockdowns |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-wild-animals-actually-responded-to-our-covid-lockdowns/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |publisher=Scientific American |date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319030256/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-wild-animals-actually-responded-to-our-covid-lockdowns/ |archive-date=19 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> A [[List of animals that can get SARS-CoV-2|wide variety]] of largely mammalian species, both captive and wild, have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, with some encountering a particularly high degree of fatal outcomes.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Pappas |first1=Georgios |last2=Vokou |first2=Despoina |last3=Sainis |first3=Ioannis |last4=Halley |first4=John M. |title=SARS-CoV-2 as a Zooanthroponotic Infection: Spillbacks, Secondary Spillovers, and Their Importance |journal=Microorganisms |date=31 October 2022 |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=2166 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms10112166 |pmid=36363758 |pmc=9696655 |issn=2076-2607 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In particular, both [[SARS-CoV-2 in mink|farmed and wild mink]] have developed highly symptomatic and severe COVID-19 infections, with a mortality rate as high as 35–55% according to one study.<ref name="Frontiers Spread">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Devaux |first1=Christian |last2=Pinault |first2=Lucile |last3=Delerce |first3=Jérémy |last4=Raoult |first4=Didier |last5=Levasseur |first5=Anthony |last6=Frutos |first6=Roger |title=Spread of Mink SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Humans: A Model of Sarbecovirus Interspecies Evolution |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=20 September 2021 |volume=12 |page=675528 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.675528 |pmid=34616371 |pmc=8488371 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Eckstrand |first1=Chrissy |last2=Baldwin |first2=Thomas |last3=Rood |first3=Kerry |last4=Clayton |first4=Michael |last5=Lott |first5=Jason |last6=Wolking |first6=Rebecca |last7=Bradway |first7=Daniel |last8=Baszler |first8=Timothy |title=An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with high mortality in mink (Neovison vison) on multiple Utah farms |journal=PLOS Pathogens |date=12 November 2021 |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=e1009952 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009952 |pmid=34767598 |pmc=8589170 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer|White-tailed deer]], on the other hand, have largely avoided severe outcomes but have effectively become [[natural reservoir]]s of the virus, with large numbers of free-ranging deer infected throughout the US and Canada, including approximately 80% of [[Iowa]]'s wild deer herd.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Jacobs |first1=Andrew |title=Widespread Coronavirus Infection Found in Iowa Deer, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/02/science/deer-covid-infection.html |access-date=5 November 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102164643/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/02/science/deer-covid-infection.html |archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="Nature April">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Mallapaty |first1=Smriti |title=COVID is spreading in deer. What does that mean for the pandemic? |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01112-4 |access-date=26 April 2022 |publisher=Nature |date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426133110/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01112-4 |archive-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> An August 2023 study appeared to confirm the status of white-tailed deer as a disease reservoir, noting that the viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in deer occurs at triple the rate of its evolution in humans and that infection rates remained high, even in areas rarely frequented by humans.<ref name="Triple Evolution">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=McBride |first1=Dillon S. |last2=Garushyants |first2=Sofya K. |last3=Franks |first3=John |last4=Magee |first4=Andrew F. |last5=Overend |first5=Steven H. |last6=Huey |first6=Devra |last7=Williams |first7=Amanda M. |last8=Faith |first8=Seth A. |last9=Kandeil |first9=Ahmed |last10=Trifkovic |first10=Sanja |last11=Miller |first11=Lance |last12=Jeevan |first12=Trushar |last13=Patel |first13=Anami |last14=Nolting |first14=Jacqueline M. |last15=Tonkovich |first15=Michael J. |last16=Genders |first16=J. Tyler |last17=Montoney |first17=Andrew J. |last18=Kasnyik |first18=Kevin |last19=Linder |first19=Timothy J. |last20=Bevins |first20=Sarah N. |last21=Lenoch |first21=Julianna B. |last22=Chandler |first22=Jeffrey C. |last23=DeLiberto |first23=Thomas J. |last24=Koonin |first24=Eugene V. |last25=Suchard |first25=Marc A. |last26=Lemey |first26=Philippe |last27=Webby |first27=Richard J. |last28=Nelson |first28=Martha I. |last29=Bowman |first29=Andrew S. |title=Accelerated evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in free-ranging white-tailed deer |journal=Nature Communications |date=28 August 2023 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=5105 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-40706-y |pmid=37640694 |pmc=10462754 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.5105M }}</ref> === Discrimination and prejudice === {{Main|Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic}} [[File:Memorial Day 2020 - San Francisco Under Quarantine (49935630543).jpg|thumb|A socially distanced homeless encampment in San Francisco, California, in May 2020<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=McCormick |first1=Erin |title='Homelessness is lethal': US deaths among those without housing are surging |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/07/homelessness-is-lethal-deaths-have-risen-dramatically |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 February 2022 }}</ref>]] Heightened prejudice, [[xenophobia]], and racism toward people of [[Sinophobe|Chinese and East Asian descent]] were documented around the world.<ref name="AutoDW-251" /><ref name="zogcf" /> Reports from February 2020, when most confirmed cases were confined to China, cited racist sentiments about Chinese people 'deserving' the virus.<ref name="bangkokpost1854094">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Wangkiat P |title=Virus-induced racism does no one any good |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1854094/virus-induced-racism-does-no-one-any-good |date=10 February 2020 |work=Bangkok Post}}</ref><ref name="psychologytoday202002">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Bartholomew R |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/its-catching/202002/the-coronavirus-and-the-search-scapegoats |title=The Coronavirus and the Search for Scapegoats |date=6 February 2020 |work=Psychology Today}}</ref><ref name="20200201telegraph">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Smith N |title=Anti-Chinese racism spikes as virus spreads globally |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/01/anti-chinese-racism-spikes-virus-spreads-globally/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/01/anti-chinese-racism-spikes-virus-spreads-globally/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live |date=1 February 2020 |work=The Daily Telegraph |url-access=subscription |quote='Some Muslims were claiming the disease was "divine retribution" for China's oppression of the Uighur minority. The problem lay in confusing the Chinese population with the actions of an authoritarian government known for its lack of transparency,' he said.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Individuals of Asian descent in Europe and North America reported increasing instances of racially-motivated abuse and assaults as a result of the pandemic.<ref name="NYT Racism">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Tavernise S, Oppel Jr RA |title=Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/chinese-coronavirus-racist-attacks.html |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="05O7n" /><ref name="NYT_April_Racism">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = La Gorce T |title=Chinese-Americans, Facing Abuse, Unite to Aid Hospitals in Coronavirus Battle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/nyregion/coronavirus-chinese-americans-supplies.html |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 April 2020}}</ref> US President [[Donald Trump]] was criticised for referring to SARS-CoV-2 as the "Chinese Virus" and "Kung Flu", terms which were condemned as being racist and xenophobic.<ref name="trumpnyt">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Rogers K, Jakes L, Swanson A |title=Trump Defends Using 'Chinese Virus' Label, Ignoring Growing Criticism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320001747/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="20200320BI">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-using-racism-against-china-to-distract-from-coronavirus-failures-2020-3 |last1=Haltiwanger|first1=john|title=Republicans are using racism against China to try to distract from Trump's disastrous coronavirus response |work=Business Insider |date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="MNCw4">{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = Lee BY |title=Trump Once Again Calls Covid-19 Coronavirus The 'Kung Flu' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/06/24/trump-once-again-calls-covid-19-coronavirus-the-kung-flu/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Ageism|Age-based discrimination]] against older adults increased during the pandemic. This was attributed to their perceived vulnerability and subsequent physical and social isolation measures, which, coupled with their reduced social activity, increased dependency on others. Similarly, limited digital literacy left the elderly more vulnerable to isolation, depression, and loneliness.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Silva MF, Silva DS, Bacurau AG, Francisco PM, Assumpção D, Neri AL, Borim FS | title = Ageism against older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review | journal = Revista de Saúde Pública | volume = 55 | page = 4 | year = 2021 | pmid = 33886953 | pmc = 8023321 | doi = 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003082 }}</ref> In a correspondence published in [[The Lancet]] in 2021, German epidemiologist Günter Kampf described the harmful effects of "inappropriate stigmatisation of unvaccinated people, who include our patients, colleagues, and other fellow citizens", noting the evidence that vaccinated individuals play a large role in transmission.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||title=COVID-19: stigmatising the unvaccinated is not justified|first=Günter|last=Kampf|date=20 November 2021|journal=The Lancet|volume=398|issue=10314|pages=1871|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02243-1|pmid=34801101|pmc=8601682 }}</ref> American bioethicist Arthur Caplan responded to Kampf, writing "Criticising [the unvaccinated] who... wind up in hospitals and morgues in huge numbers, put stress on finite resources, and prolong the pandemic... is not stigmatising, it is deserved moral condemnation."<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Caplan |first1=Arthur L |title=Stigma, vaccination, and moral accountability |journal=The Lancet |date=February 2022 |volume=399 |issue=10325 |pages=626–627 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00189-1 |pmid=35151392 |pmc=8830899 }}</ref> In January 2022, [[Amnesty International]] urged [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|Italy]] to change their anti-COVID-19 restrictions to avoid discrimination against unvaccinated people, saying that "the government must continue to ensure that the entire population can enjoy its fundamental rights." The restrictions included mandatory vaccination over the age of 50, and mandatory vaccination to use public transport.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dont-discriminate-against-unvaccinated-amnesty-international-tells-italy-2022-01-16/ | title=Don't discriminate against the unvaccinated, Amnesty International tells Italy | newspaper=Reuters | date=16 January 2022 }}</ref> === Lifestyle changes === [[File:Wee Annie, Kempock Street, face mask.jpg|thumb|upright|The "Wee Annie" statue in [[Gourock, Scotland|Gourock]], Scotland, was given a face mask during the pandemic.]] The pandemic triggered massive changes in behaviour, from increased Internet commerce to cultural changes in the workplace. Online retailers in the US posted $791.70 billion in sales in 2020, an increase of 32.4% from $598.02 billion the year before.<ref name="DDCV1ECMR">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Data dive: How COVID-19 impacted ecommerce in 2020|url=https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/article/coronavirus-impact-online-retail/|access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Digital Commerce 360}}</ref> Home delivery orders increased, while indoor restaurant dining shut down due to lockdown orders or low sales.<ref name="Fo18zrty783">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Kats|first1=Rimma| title=More Consumers Are Turning to Food Delivery Apps amid Indoor Dining Restrictions|url=https://www.emarketer.com/content/more-consumers-turning-food-delivery-apps-amid-indoor-dining-restrictions|access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=eMarketer.com}}</ref><ref name="Fo18zrty784">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Scotto|first1=Michael| title=NYC Indoor Dining To Shut Down Monday, Cuomo Announces|url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/12/11/cuomo--indoor-dining-to-be-suspended-starting-monday/|access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=Spectrum News NY1}}</ref> Hackers, [[cybercriminal]]s and scammers took advantage of the changes to launch new online attacks.<ref name="Fo18zrty787">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=DeLisi|first1=Bill| title=The future of hacking: COVID-19 shifting the way hackers work and who they target|url=https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/93086-the-future-of-hacking-covid-19-shifting-the-way-hackers-work-and-who-they-target|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=SECURITY magazine}}</ref> Education in some countries temporarily shifted from physical attendance to video conferencing.<ref name="Fo18zrty790">{{#invoke:cite web || title=The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=World Economic Forum|date=29 April 2020 }}</ref> Massive layoffs shrank the airline, travel, hospitality, and other industries.<ref name="Fo18zrty6966">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Benshoff|first1=Laura|title=Pandemic Threatens Long-Term Job Security After Hospitality Industry Layoffs |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/917756656/pandemic-threatens-long-term-job-security-after-hospitality-industry-layoffs|access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Fo18zrty9999">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Woodyard|first1=Chris| title=Travel industry layoffs begin as Congress fails to come up with new relief package|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2020/09/30/covid-19-travel-industry-layoffs-could-start-congress-fails-act/5868989002/|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Despite most corporations implementing measures to address COVID-19 in the workplace, a poll from [[Catalyst (nonprofit organization)|Catalyst]] found that as many as 68% of employees around the world felt that these policies were only performative and "not genuine".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||date=30 June 2022 |last1=Chong|first1=Joshua|title=Workers feel corporate COVID-19, equity policies 'not genuine,' study says |work=The Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2022/06/28/workers-feel-corporate-covid-19-equity-policies-not-genuine-study-says.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |issn=0319-0781}}</ref> The pandemic led to a surge in [[remote work]]. According to a [[Gallup poll]], only 4% of US employees were fully remote before the pandemic, compared to 43% in May 2020. Among white collar workers, that shift was more pronounced, with 6% increasing to 65% in the same period.<ref name="The New York Times 2022">{{#invoke:cite web || title=After Two Years of Remote Work, Workers Question Office Life | website=The New York Times | date=10 March 2022 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/10/business/remote-work-office-life.html | access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> That trend continued in later stages of the pandemic, with many workers choosing to remain remote even after workplaces reopened.<ref name="Mitchell 2022">{{#invoke:cite web || last=Mitchell | first=Travis | title=COVID-19 Pandemic Continues To Reshape Work in America | website=Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project | date=16 February 2022 | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/02/16/covid-19-pandemic-continues-to-reshape-work-in-america/ | access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Kagubare 2023">{{#invoke:cite web || last=Kagubare | first=Ines | title=Nearly 30 percent of work remains remote as workers dig in | website=The Hill | date=20 February 2023 | url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3862069-nearly-30-percent-of-work-remains-remote-as-workers-dig-in/ | access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> Many Nordic, European, and Asian companies increased their recruitment of international remote workers even as the pandemic waned, partially to save on labor costs.<ref name="ComputerWeekly.com 2023">{{#invoke:cite web || title=As Covid fades away, what's the future of remote work in Europe? | website=ComputerWeekly.com | date=14 March 2023 | url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/As-Covid-fades-away-whats-the-future-of-remote-work-in-Europe | access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Braesemann Stephany Teutloff Kässi 2022 p=e0274630">{{#invoke:cite journal || last1=Braesemann | first1=Fabian | last2=Stephany | first2=Fabian | last3=Teutloff | first3=Ole | last4=Kässi | first4=Otto | last5=Graham | first5=Mark | last6=Lehdonvirta | first6=Vili | title=The global polarisation of remote work | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=17 | issue=10 | date=20 October 2022 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0274630 | page=e0274630 | pmid=36264859 | pmc=9584402 | arxiv=2108.13356 | bibcode=2022PLoSO..1774630B | doi-access=free }}</ref> This also led to a talent drain in the global south and in remote areas in the global north.<ref name="Braesemann Stephany Teutloff Kässi 2022 p=e0274630"/><ref name="EuropeanStingWEF2023">{{#invoke:cite web || title=What does remote working look like around the world? | website=The European Sting | date=13 February 2023 | url=https://europeansting.com/2023/02/13/what-does-remote-working-look-like-around-the-world/ | access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref> High cost of living and dense urban areas also lost office real estate value due to remote worker exodus.<ref name="Economist2022Jan">{{#invoke:cite news || title=Will remote work stick after the pandemic? | newspaper=The Economist | date=15 January 2022 | url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/01/15/will-remote-work-stick-after-the-pandemic | access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref> By May 2023, due to increasing layoffs and concerns over productivity, some white collar workplaces in the US had resorted to performance review penalties and indirect incentives (e.g. donations to charity) to encourage workers to return to the office.<ref name="Peck 2023">{{#invoke:cite web || last=Peck | first=Emily | title=Companies get aggressive on return-to-office | website=Axios | date=13 June 2023 | url=https://www.axios.com/2023/06/13/companies-aggressive-return-to-office | access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> === Historiography === A 2021 study noted that the COVID-19 pandemic had increased interest in epidemics and infectious diseases among both historians and the general public. Prior to the pandemic, these topics were usually overlooked by "general" history and only received attention in the [[history of medicine]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last=Fonzo |first=Erminio |date=18 July 2021 |title=Historiography and Covid-19. Some considerations |url=https://www.mediterraneanknowledge.org/publications/index.php/journal/article/view/205 |journal=Journal of Mediterranean Knowledge |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=129–158 |issn=2499-930X}}</ref> Many comparisons were made between the COVID-19 and [[1918 influenza pandemic]]s,<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Tambolkar |first1=S |last2=Pustake |first2=M |last3=Giri |first3=P |last4=Tambolkar |first4=I |title=Comparison of public health measures taken during Spanish flu and COVID-19 pandemics: A Narrative Review. |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |date=May 2022 |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1642–1647 |doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1612_21 |pmid=35800503 |pmc=9254789 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Beach |first1=Brian |last2=Clay |first2=Karen |last3=Saavedra |first3=Martin |title=The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Its Lessons for COVID-19 |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |date=March 2022 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=41–84 |doi=10.1257/jel.20201641 |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20201641 |issn=0022-0515}}</ref> including the development of anti-mask movements,<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||journal=Health Affairs Forefront|last1=Ewing |first1=Thomas |title=Flu Masks Failed In 1918, But We Need Them Now |date=12 May 2020 |doi=10.1377/forefront.20200508.769108 |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/content/forefront/flu-masks-failed-1918-but-we-need-them-now |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Mask Resistance During a Pandemic Isn't New – in 1918 Many Americans Were 'Slackers' |url=https://www.michiganmedicine.org/health-lab/mask-resistance-during-pandemic-isnt-new-1918-many-americans-were-slackers |website=www.michiganmedicine.org |access-date=9 June 2023 |date=29 October 2020}}</ref> the widespread promotion of misinformation<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Devega |first1=Chauncey |title=Fake news, conspiracy theories and a deadly global pandemic — and that was in 1918 |url=https://www.salon.com/2021/05/08/fake-news-conspiracy-theories-and-a-deadly-global-pandemic--and-that-was-in-1918/ |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=Salon |date=8 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Cohut |first1=Maria |title=What the COVID-19 pandemic and the 1918 flu pandemic have in common |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/the-flu-pandemic-of-1918-and-early-conspiracy-theories |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=www.medicalnewstoday.com |date=29 September 2020 }}</ref> and the impact of [[Social determinants of health|socioeconomic disparities]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Krishnan |first1=Lakshmi |last2=Ogunwole |first2=S. Michelle |last3=Cooper |first3=Lisa A. |title=Historical Insights on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the 1918 Influenza Pandemic, and Racial Disparities: Illuminating a Path Forward |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |date=15 September 2020 |volume=173 |issue=6 |pages=474–481 |doi=10.7326/M20-2223 |pmid=32501754 |pmc=7298913 |issn=0003-4819}}</ref> === Religion === {{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion}} [[File:Religious service live-streaming during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.jpg|alt=A man wearing purple vestments and standing at an altar uses a mobile phone camera to record himself. Empty pews are visible in the background.|thumb|An American Catholic military chaplain prepares for a live-streamed [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in an empty chapel at [[Offutt Air Force Base]] in March 2020.]] In some areas, religious groups exacerbated the spread of the virus, through large gatherings and the dissemination of misinformation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Lee |first1=Mikyung |last2=Lim |first2=Heejun |last3=Xavier |first3=Merin Shobhana |last4=Lee |first4=Eun-Young |title="A Divine Infection": A Systematic Review on the Roles of Religious Communities During the Early Stage of COVID-19 |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |date=1 February 2022 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=866–919 |doi=10.1007/s10943-021-01364-w |pmid=34405313 |pmc=8370454 |issn=1573-6571}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Kalocsányiová |first1=Erika |last2=Essex |first2=Ryan |last3=Fortune |first3=Vanessa |title=Inequalities in Covid-19 Messaging: A Systematic Scoping Review |journal=Health Communication |date=19 July 2022 |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=2549–2558 |doi=10.1080/10410236.2022.2088022 |pmid=35850593 |s2cid=250642415 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10410236.2022.2088022 |access-date=9 June 2023 |issn=1041-0236}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Lee Rogers |first1=Richard |last2=Powe |first2=Nicolette |title=COVID-19 Information Sources and Misinformation by Faith Community |journal=INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing |date=January 2022 |volume=59 |pages=004695802210813 |doi=10.1177/00469580221081388 |pmid=35634989 |pmc=9152626 |issn=0046-9580}}</ref> Some religious leaders decried what they saw as violations of religious freedom.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Majumdar |first1=Samirah |title=Key findings about COVID-19 restrictions that affected religious groups around the world in 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/11/29/key-findings-about-covid-19-restrictions-that-affected-religious-groups-around-the-world-in-2020/ |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref> In other cases, religious identity was a beneficial factor for health, increasing compliance with public health measures and protecting against the negative effects of isolation on mental wellbeing.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Li |first1=Heng |last2=Cao |first2=Yu |title=Rules We Live by: How Religious Beliefs Relate to Compliance with Precautionary Measures Against COVID-19 in Tibetan Buddhists |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |date=1 April 2022 |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=1671–1683 |doi=10.1007/s10943-022-01512-w |pmid=35122555 |pmc=8817637 |issn=1573-6571}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Syed |first1=Uzma |last2=Kapera |first2=Olivia |last3=Chandrasekhar |first3=Aparajita |last4=Baylor |first4=Barbara T. |last5=Hassan |first5=Adebola |last6=Magalhães |first6=Marina |last7=Meidany |first7=Farshid |last8=Schenker |first8=Inon |last9=Messiah |first9=Sarah E. |last10=Bhatti |first10=Alexandra |title=The Role of Faith-Based Organizations in Improving Vaccination Confidence & Addressing Vaccination Disparities to Help Improve Vaccine Uptake: A Systematic Review |journal=Vaccines |date=February 2023 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=449 |doi=10.3390/vaccines11020449 |pmid=36851325 |pmc=9966262 |issn=2076-393X |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Sisti |first1=Leuconoe Grazia |last2=Buonsenso |first2=Danilo |last3=Moscato |first3=Umberto |last4=Costanzo |first4=Gianfranco |last5=Malorni |first5=Walter |title=The Role of Religions in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=January 2023 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1691 |doi=10.3390/ijerph20031691 |pmid=36767057 |pmc=9914292 |issn=1660-4601 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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