COVID-19

=== Ethnic differences ===
In the US, a greater proportion of deaths due to COVID‑19 have occurred among African Americans and other minority groups.<ref name="AVD">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Dorn AV, Cooney RE, Sabin ML | title = COVID-19 exacerbating inequalities in the US | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10232 | pages = 1243–1244 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32305087 | pmc = 7162639 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30893-X }}</ref> Structural factors that prevent them from practising social distancing include their concentration in crowded substandard housing and in "essential" occupations such as retail grocery workers, public transit employees, health-care workers and custodial staff. Greater prevalence of lacking [[health insurance]] and care of underlying conditions such as [[diabetes]],<ref name="Shauly-Aharonov-2021">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Shauly-Aharonov |first1=Michal |last2=Shafrir |first2=Asher |last3=Paltiel |first3=Ora |last4=Calderon-Margalit |first4=Ronit |last5=Safadi |first5=Rifaat |last6=Bicher |first6=Roee |last7=Barenholz-Goultschin |first7=Orit |last8=Stokar |first8=Joshua |date=22 July 2021 |title=Both high and low pre-infection glucose levels associated with increased risk for severe COVID-19: New insights from a population-based study |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=e0254847 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254847 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8297851 |pmid=34293038|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1654847S |doi-access=free }}</ref> hypertension, and [[heart disease]] also increase their risk of death.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Adams ML, Katz DL, Grandpre J | title = Population-Based Estimates of Chronic Conditions Affecting Risk for Complications from Coronavirus Disease, United States | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 26 | issue = 8 | pages = 1831–1833 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32324118 | pmc = 7392427 | doi = 10.3201/eid2608.200679 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref> Similar issues affect [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] and [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]] communities.<ref name="AVD" /> On the one hand, in the Dominican Republic there is a clear example of both gender and ethnic inequality. In this Latin American territory, there is great inequality and precariousness that especially affects Dominican women, with greater emphasis on those of Haitian descent.<ref name="Batthyany-2020">{{#invoke:Cite web|| vauthors = Batthyány K |title=Coronavirus y Desigualdades preexistentes: Género y Cuidados|url=https://www.clacso.org/coronavirus-y-desigualdades-preexistentes-genero-y-cuidados/|access-date=22 April 2021|website=CLACSO (Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales)|date=13 October 2020}}</ref> According to a US health policy non-profit, 34% of American Indian and Alaska Native People (AIAN) non-elderly adults are at risk of serious illness compared to 21% of white non-elderly adults.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||url=https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/covid-19-presents-significant-risks-for-american-indian-and-alaska-native-people/|title=COVID-19 Presents Significant Risks for American Indian and Alaska Native People|date=14 May 2020}}</ref> The source attributes it to disproportionately high rates of many health conditions that may put them at higher risk as well as living conditions like lack of access to clean water.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=COVID-19 Presents Significant Risks for American Indian and Alaska Native People|url=https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/covid-19-presents-significant-risks-for-american-indian-and-alaska-native-people/|date=14 May 2020}}</ref>

Leaders have called for efforts to research and address the disparities.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Laurencin CT, McClinton A | title = The COVID-19 Pandemic: a Call to Action to Identify and Address Racial and Ethnic Disparities | journal = Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 398–402 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32306369 | pmc = 7166096 | doi = 10.1007/s40615-020-00756-0 }}</ref> In the UK, a greater proportion of deaths due to COVID‑19 have occurred in those of a [[Black British people|Black]], [[British Asian|Asian]], and other ethnic minority background.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=9 June 2020|title=How coronavirus deaths in the UK compare by race and ethnicity|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-death-toll-uk-race-white-black-asian-bame-ethnicity-cases-a9557076.html|access-date=10 June 2020|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=Emerging findings on the impact of COVID-19 on black and minority ethnic people|url=https://www.health.org.uk/news-and-comment/charts-and-infographics/emerging-findings-on-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-black-and-min|access-date=10 June 2020|publisher=The Health Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Butcher B, Massey J |date=9 June 2020|title=Why are more BAME people dying from coronavirus?|work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52219070 |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> More severe impacts upon patients including the relative incidence of the necessity of hospitalisation requirements, and vulnerability to the disease has been associated via DNA analysis to be expressed in genetic variants at chromosomal region 3, features that are associated with European [[Neanderthal]] heritage. That structure imposes greater risks that those affected will develop a more severe form of the disease.<ref name=Neanderthal>{{#invoke:Cite web|| title=The ancient Neanderthal hand in severe COVID-19 | website=ScienceDaily | date=30 September 2020 | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200930094758.htm | access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref> The findings are from Professor Svante Pääbo and researchers he leads at the [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] and the [[Karolinska Institutet]].<ref name=Neanderthal /> This admixture of modern human and Neanderthal genes is estimated to have occurred roughly between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago in Southern Europe.<ref name=Neanderthal />