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Do not fill this in! == Humanitarian situation == {{See also|Health in South Sudan|Child marriage in South Sudan}} According to the United Nations, there are 8.3 million people in need of humanitarian aid in South Sudan as of January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview 2021 (January 2021) – South Sudan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview-2021-january-2021|access-date=2021-10-12|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref> South Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world.<ref name=health>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616|title=Southern Sudan has unique combination of worst diseases in the world — Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|work=Sudan Tribune|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408090727/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Moszynski| first1 = P.| title = Conference plans rebuilding of Southern Sudan's health services| doi = 10.1136/bmj.331.7510.179| journal = BMJ| volume = 331| issue = 7510| page = 179| year = 2005| pmc = 1179754}}</ref><ref name=SSMJ>{{cite journal|title=South Sudan Household Survey|date=December 2007|url=http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/assets/files/misc/SHHS.pdf|journal=South Sudan Medical Journal|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612082122/http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/assets/files/misc/SHHS.pdf|archive-date=12 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The under-five [[infant mortality]] rate is 135.3 per 1,000, whilst [[maternal mortality]] is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births.<ref name=SSMJ /> In 2004, there were only three [[Surgeon|surgeons]] serving in southern Sudan, with three proper [[Hospital|hospitals]], and in some areas there was just one [[Physician|doctor]] for every 500,000 people.<ref name=health /> The epidemiology of [[HIV/AIDS]] in the South Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is believed around 3.1%.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hakim|first=James|date=August 2009|url=http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2009-08/untitled-resource.html|title=HIV/AIDS: an update on Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment|publisher=South Sudan Medical Journal|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312032025/http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2009-08/untitled-resource.html|archive-date=12 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2013 study, South Sudan "probably has the highest [[malaria]] burden in [[Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan]] [[Africa]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria control in South Sudan, 2006–2013: strategies, progress and challenges|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=12|page=374|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-12-374|pmid=24160336|pmc=3816306|year=2013|last1=Pasquale|first1=Harriet|last2=Jarvese|first2=Martina|last3=Julla|first3=Ahmed|last4=Doggale|first4=Constantino|last5=Sebit|first5=Bakhit|last6=Lual|first6=Mark Y.|last7=Baba|first7=Samson P.|last8=Chanda|first8=Emmanuel |doi-access=free }}</ref> South Sudan is one of the few countries where [[dracunculiasis]] still occurs.<ref>{{cite journal| pmid = 22647809| doi=10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60088-1| volume=5| issue=7| title=Dracunculiasis eradication—finishing the job before surprises arise.| date=Jul 2012| journal=Asian Pac J Trop Med| pages=505–10| last1 = Visser| first1 = BJ| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| pmid = 23843492| doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0090| volume=89| issue=1| title=Dracunculiasis eradication: and now, South Sudan.| date=Jul 2013| journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg| pages=5–10| pmc=3748487| last1 = Hopkins| first1 = DR| last2 = Ruiz-Tiben| first2 = E| last3 = Weiss| first3 = A| last4 = Withers| first4 = PC| last5 = Eberhard| first5 = ML| last6 = Roy| first6 = SL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/dracunculiasis/en/|title=WHO — Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease)|work=World Health Organization|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405212912/http://www.who.int/dracunculiasis/en/|archive-date=5 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the UN [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 ($3.29/day).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fifthinternational.org/content/support-freedom-southern-sudan-and-fight-workers-unity-against-imperialism|title=Support freedom for Southern Sudan and fight for workers' unity against imperialism|last=Ambler|first=Sean|date=10 January 2011|work=[[League for the Fifth International]]|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709140536/http://fifthinternational.org/content/support-freedom-southern-sudan-and-fight-workers-unity-against-imperialism|archive-date=9 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, the United Nations OCHA (under the leadership of [[Éliane Duthoit]]) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71676|title=SUDAN: Peace bolsters food security in the south|date=18 April 2007|work=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]|access-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828092901/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71676|archive-date=28 August 2010}}</ref> [[Famine]] reportedly led to deaths in [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Warrap (state)|Warrap]] states in mid-2011, though the state governments of both denied hunger there was severe enough to cause fatalities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-s-N-Bahr-el-Ghazal,39863|agency=Sudan Tribune|title=South Sudan's N. Bahr el Ghazal denies reports that hunger caused death|date=17 August 2011|access-date=18 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921161921/http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-s-N-Bahr-el-Ghazal,39863|archive-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> In Pibor County located in the Jonglei State, in December 2011 and January 2012, [[Cattle raiding|cattle raids]] led to border clashes that eventually resulted in widespread [[Sudanese nomadic conflicts|ethnic violence]], with thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of South Sudanese being displaced, and hundreds of [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] staff went missing. The government declared the area a disaster zone and took control from local authorities.<ref>{{cite news|last=Meldrum|first=Andrew|title=South Sudan News: Ethnic clashes must be solved in the long term|url=http://web1.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/120105/south-sudan-news-ethnic-clashes-must-be-solved-long-term|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205004734/http://web1.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/120105/south-sudan-news-ethnic-clashes-must-be-solved-long-term|archive-date=5 February 2012|access-date=6 January 2012|newspaper=GlobalPost|date=6 January 2012}}</ref> South Sudan has a very high rate of [[child marriage]].<ref>According to the WHO: "The 10 countries with the highest rates of child marriage are: Niger, 75%; Chad and Central African Republic, 68%; Bangladesh, 66%; Guinea, 63%; Mozambique, 56%; Mali, 55%; Burkina Faso and South Sudan, 52%; and Malawi, 50%. "[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424050514/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/|date=24 April 2015}}</ref> [[Violence against women]] is common in the country, and South Sudan's laws and policies have been criticized as inadequate in offering protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/south-sudan/womens-security/HSBA-women-security-law.pdf|title=Women's Security and the Law in South Sudan|access-date=24 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115725/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/south-sudan/womens-security/HSBA-women-security-law.pdf|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref>Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150114234102/http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2014/5/humanitarian-crisis-in-south-sudan Humanitarian Crisis in South Sudan Gender Alert 2: May 2014.] United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)</ref> === Water crisis === {{Further|Water supply in South Sudan}}{{See also|Sudanese nomadic conflicts}} The [[water supply in South Sudan]] is faced with numerous challenges. Although the [[White Nile]] runs through the country, water is scarce during the dry season in areas that are not located on the river. About half the population does not have access to an [[improved water source]], defined as a protected well, standpipe or a handpump within one kilometre. The few existing piped water supply systems are often not well maintained and the water they provide is often not safe to drink. Displaced people returning home put a huge strain on infrastructure, and the government institutions in charge of the sector are weak. Substantial external funding from numerous government agencies and non-governmental organizations is available to improve water supply. Numerous non-governmental organizations support water supply in Southern Sudan, such as [[Water is Basic]], [[Water for South Sudan]], the Obakki Foundation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obakkifoundation.org/projects|title=Obakki Foundation|publisher=ObakkiFoundation.com|access-date=2 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120004231/https://obakkifoundation.org/projects/|archive-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> and Bridgton-Lake Region Rotary Club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lakeregionrotary.com|title=Rotary Club of Bridgton Lake-Region|publisher=Lakeregionrotary.com|access-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611161653/https://www.lakeregionrotary.com/|archive-date=11 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> from North America. === Refugees === [[File:The scale of the problem Jamam refugee camp from the air (6972523516).jpg|thumb|Jamam refugee camp]] As of February 2014, South Sudan was host to over 230,000 [[refugee]]s, with the vast majority, over 209,000, having arrived recently from Sudan, because of the [[War in Darfur]]. Other African countries that contribute the most refugees to South Sudan are the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref name="UNHCR Regional Update">{{cite web|url=http://data.unhcr.org/SouthSudan/download.php?id=832|title=South Sudan Emergency Situation-Regional Update|publisher=UNHCR|date=2 February 2014|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140349/http://data.unhcr.org/SouthSudan/download.php?id=832|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of the war that erupted in December 2013, more than 2.3 million people – one in every five people in South Sudan – have been forced to flee their homes, including 1.66 million internally displaced people (with 53.4 per cent estimated to be children) and nearly 644,900 refugees in neighbouring countries. Some 185,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) have sought refuge in UN Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites, while around 90 percent of IDPs are on the run or sheltering outside PoC sites.<ref name="reliefweb">{{cite web|title=2016 South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview|work=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/2016-south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview|date=5 January 2016|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235414/https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/2016-south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview|archive-date=27 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, UNHCR is stepping up its response through an inter-agency collaborative approach under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, and working with the International Organization for Migration (IOM). In early February 2013, UNHCR started distributing relief items outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan, which was expected to reach 10,000 people.<ref name="UNHCR Regional Update" /> === 2017 famine === {{Further|2017 South Sudan famine}} On 20 February 2017 South Sudan and the United Nations declared a famine in parts of former [[Unity State]], with the warning that it could spread rapidly without further action. Over 100,000 people were affected. The [[UN World Food Programme]] said that 40% of the population of South Sudan, 4.9 million people, need food urgently.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/famine-hits-parts-south-sudan|title=Famine Hits Parts of South Sudan|date=20 February 2017|publisher=World Food Programme|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105459/https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/famine-hits-parts-south-sudan|archive-date=21 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39025927|title=South Sudan declares famine in Unity State|journal=BBC News|date=20 February 2017|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722044156/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39025927|archive-date=22 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> U.N. officials said that President [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] was blocking food deliveries to some areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whio.com/news/world/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-government-and/ZT9UT22sGQUWxH1w5rIjYJ/|title=Famine declared in part of South Sudan by government and UN|date=20 February 2017|publisher=WHIO|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105314/http://www.whio.com/news/world/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-government-and/ZT9UT22sGQUWxH1w5rIjYJ/|archive-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Furthermore, UNICEF warned that more than 1 million children in South Sudan were subjected to malnutrition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/20/africa/south-sudan-famine/index.html|title=Famine declared in South Sudan|first1=Farai|last1=Sevenzo|first2=Bryony|last2=Jones|website=CNN|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307014524/http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/20/africa/south-sudan-famine/index.html|archive-date=7 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> An outbreak of [[fall armyworm]] further threatened [[sorghum]] and maize production by July 2017.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fao.org/south-sudan/news/detail-events/en/c/1145120/| title=FAO trains village facilitators to fight Fall Armyworm in South Sudan | FAO in South Sudan | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| access-date=20 July 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720110207/http://www.fao.org/south-sudan/news/detail-events/en/c/1145120/| archive-date=20 July 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> <!--==Villages==--> <!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> <!--*[[Kuinger]] --> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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