Russia

=== Health ===
{{Main|Healthcare in Russia}}
[[File:Metallurg Sochi.jpg|thumb|Metallurg, a Soviet-era [[sanatorium]] in [[Sochi]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Elise |url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/9981/beyond-the-game-sochi-seaside-walking-guide-soviet-sanatoriums-gardens |work=[[Calvert 22 Foundation]] |title=Russian rivieia: from Soviet sanatoriums to lush gardens, your walking guide to seaside Sochi |date=25 May 2018 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>]]
Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, [[universal health care]] for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cook |first=Linda |url=https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3C45C5A972BF063BC1257DF1004C5420/$file/Cook.pdf |date=February 2015 |work=[[United Nations Research Institute for Social Development]] |publisher=United Nations |title=Constraints on Universal Health Care in the Russian Federation |location=Geneva |access-date=3 January 2022 }}</ref> The [[Ministry of Health (Russia)|Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation]] oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.expatica.com/ru/healthcare/healthcare-basics/healthcare-in-russia-104030/ |title=Healthcare in Russia: the Russian healthcare system explained |work=[[Expatica]] |date=8 January 2021 |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref>

Russia spent 5.65% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=RU |title=Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 April 2021|quote=Data retrieved on January 30, 2022.}}</ref> Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reshetnikov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Arsentyev |first2=Evgeny |last3=Bolevich |first3=Sergey |last4=Timofeyev |first4=Yuriy |last5=Jakovljević |first5=Mihajlo |date=24 May 2019 |journal=[[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]] |page=1848 |volume=16 |issue=10 |title=Analysis of the Financing of Russian Health Care over the Past 100 Years |doi=10.3390/ijerph16101848 |pmc=6571548 |pmid=31137705|doi-access=free }}</ref> Russia has one of the world's most female-biased [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]]s, with 0.859 males to every female,<ref name=cia/> due to its high male [[mortality rate]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Nuwer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Nuwer |date=17 February 2014 |access-date=7 January 2022 |title=Why Russian Men Don't Live as Long |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/18/science/why-russian-men-dont-live-as-long.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 2021, the overall [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy in Russia]] at birth was 70.06 years (65.51 years for males and 74.51 years for females),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=1 June 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia}}</ref> and it had a very low [[Infant mortality|infant mortality rate]] (5 per 1,000 [[live birth (human)|live birth]]s).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?Locations=RU&locations=RU |title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref>

The principal cause of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lakunchykova |first1=Olena |last2=Averina |first2=Maria |last3=Wilsgaard |first3=Tom |last4=Watkins |first4=Hugh |last5=Malyutina |first5=Sofia |last6=Ragino |first6=Yulia |last7=Keogh |first7=Ruth H |last8=Kudryavtsev |first8=Alexander V |last9=Govorun |first9=Vadim|last10=Cook|first10=Sarah |last11=Schirmer |first11=Henrik |last12=Eggen |first12=Anne Elise |last13=Hopstock |first13=Laila Arnesdatter |last14=Leon |first14=David A |doi=10.1136/jech-2020-213885 |doi-access=free |title=Why does Russia have such high cardiovascular mortality rates? Comparisons of blood-based biomarkers with Norway implicate non-ischaemic cardiac damage |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |year=2020 |volume=74 |issue=9 |pages=698–704 |pmid=32414935 |pmc=7577103}}</ref> [[Obesity]] is a prevalent health issue in Russia; most adults are overweight or obese.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Federation |url=https://data.worldobesity.org/country/russian-federation-179/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=World Obesity Federation Global Obesity Observatory |language=en}}</ref> However, Russia's historically high [[Alcohol consumption in Russia|alcohol consumption rate]] is the biggest health issue in the country,<ref>{{cite journal |last=McKee |first=Martin |title=Alcohol in Russia |date=1 November 1999 |pages=824–829 |volume=34 |issue=6 |journal=Alcohol and Alcoholism |doi=10.1093/alcalc/34.6.824 |pmid=10659717|doi-access=free}}</ref> as it remains [[List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita|one of the world's highest]], despite a stark decrease in the last decade.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Russia's alcohol policy: a continuing success story |journal=[[The Lancet]] |quote="Russians are officially drinking less and, as a consequence, are living longer than ever before...Russians are still far from being teetotal: a pure ethanol per capita consumption of 11·7 L, reported in 2016, means consumption is still one of the highest worldwide, and efforts to reduce it further are required." |date=5 October 2019 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32265-2 |last1=The Lancet |volume=394 |issue=10205 |page=1205 |pmid=31591968|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tobacco consumption by country|Smoking]] is another health issue in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shkolnikov |first1=Vladimir M. |display-authors=etal |title=Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources |date=23 March 2020 |journal=BMC Public Health |doi=10.1186/s12889-020-08464-4 |doi-access=free |volume=20 |number=378 |page=378 |pmc=7092419 |pmid=32293365 }}</ref> The country's [[List of countries by suicide rate|high suicide rate]], although [[Suicide in Russia|on the decline]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SUIC.P5?locations=RU |title=Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> remains a significant social issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/news/news/2020/9/preventing-suicide-russian-federation-adapts-who-self-harm-monitoring-tool |title=Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |date=9 October 2020 |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/news/news/2020/9/preventing-suicide-russian-federation-adapts-who-self-harm-monitoring-tool |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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