Muhammad Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==References== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{reflist|21em}} ===Sources=== <!-- ATTENTION: If you add an entry into this section, please ensure that you include it within proper alphabetical order of the existing list, generally by author's last name --> {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book |last=Adil |first=Hajjah Amina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31tscfPF4tkC|title=Muhammad, the Messenger of Islam: His Life & Prophecy |date=2002 |publisher=ISCA |isbn=978-1-930409-11-8 |language=en}} *{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ahmad |first=Anis |author-link=Anis Ahmad |date=2009 |title=Dīn |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1102 |url-access=subscription |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205093241/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1102 |archive-date=5 December 2017 }}{{cbignore}} *{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shahab |author-link=Shahab Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCcuDwAAQBAJ |title=Before Orthodoxy: The Satanic Verses in Early Islam |date=24 April 2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-04742-6 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Al-Bukhari |first=Muhammed Ibn Ismaiel |title=The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic-English |date=1 June 1997 |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |isbn=978-9960-717-31-9 |translator-last=Khan |translator-first=Muhammad M.}} * {{Cite book |last=Al-Tabari |first=Muhammad ibn Jarir |author-link=al-Tabari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyFjzQEACAAJ |title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 6: Muhammad at Mecca |date=1 August 1987 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-88706-707-5 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Anthony |first=Sean W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r7LDwAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Prophet of Islam |date=2020-04-21 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-97452-4 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last=Ardic |first=Nurullah |date=21 August 2012 |title=Islam and the Politics of Secularism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAXNxxkJKYsC&pg=PA99 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-48984-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122105439/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAXNxxkJKYsC&pg=PA99 |archive-date=22 January 2018 }} * {{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |author-link=Saïd Amir Arjomand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNGAEAAAQBAJ|title=Messianism and Sociopolitical Revolution in Medieval Islam |date=25 October 2022 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-38759-1 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume XI (V-Z) |date=27 June 2002 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/6997 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=Peri |editor-link=Peri Bearman |access-date=13 June 2023 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-12756-2 |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Thierry |editor-link2=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. Edmund |editor-link3=C. Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. van |editor-link4=E. J. van Donzel |ref = {{harvid|Bearman et al.|2002}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Beeston |first=A. F. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0QkhaK4kBUC |title=Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period |date=3 November 1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24015-4 |language=en}} *{{cite book |first=Clinton |last=Bennett |author-link=Clinton Bennett |title=In search of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VTIkkcUFHQC&pg=PA182 |date=1998 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-304-70401-9|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922131141/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VTIkkcUFHQC&pg=PA182 |archive-date=22 September 2015}} *{{Cite book |last=Bogle |first=Emory C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpFhLDUw20gC |title=Islam: Origin and Belief |date=1998 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-70862-4 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last1=Borup |first1=Jørn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMG0DwAAQBAJ |title=Religious Diversity in Asia |last2=Fibiger |first2=Marianne Qvortrup |last3=Kühle |first3=Lene |date=1 October 2019 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-41581-2 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC |title=The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad |date=19 April 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-82838-3 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Daniel W. |author-link=Daniel W. Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPbLcSlUs8cC |title=A New Introduction to Islam |date=17 October 2003 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-631-21604-9 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Jonathan A.C. |author-link=Jonathan A. C. Brown|date=2011 |title=Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-955928-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadveryshor00brow }} *{{Cite book |last=Bukay |first=David |author-link=David Bukay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR4uDwAAQBAJ |title=Islam and the Infidels: The Politics of Jihad, Da'wah, and Hijrah |date=12 July 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-51150-6 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Cheikh |first=Nadia Maria El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRPRCgAAQBAJ |title=Women, Islam, and Abbasid Identity |date=6 October 2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-73636-8 |language=en}} *{{cite journal |last=Cimino |first=Richard |date=December 2005 |title="No God in Common": American Evangelical Discourse on Islam after 9/11 |journal=[[Review of Religious Research]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=162–74 |doi=10.2307/3512048 |jstor=3512048}} * {{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1T_UAwAAQBAJ |title=Six World Faiths |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-4964-1 |language=en}} *{{cite journal |last=Conrad |first=Lawrence I. |author-link=Lawrence Conrad |date=1987 |title=Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition1 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=225–40 |s2cid=162350288 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00049016 }} *{{cite book |last=Curtis |first=Michael |date=2009 |title=Orientalism and Islam: European Thinkers on Oriental Despotism in the Middle East and India |url=https://archive.org/details/orientalismislam00curt |url-access=limited |location=New York City |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/orientalismislam00curt/page/n42 31] |isbn=978-0-521-76725-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Deming |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FKNAgAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+bring+you+slaughter+quraysh&pg=PA68 |title=Science and Technology in World History, Volume 2: Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5642-0 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=El-Azhari |first=Taef Kamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LaSvwEACAAJ |title=Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661-1257 |date=2019 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-2318-2 |pages=24–5 |language=en |chapter=Two Wives at the Same Time: Sawda and 'Aisha}} *{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |author-link=John Esposito |date=1998 |title=Islam: The Straight Path |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo_0 }} *{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |author-link=John Esposito |date=2002 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed0000espo |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0}} *{{cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Esposito |date=2003 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |page=198 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada/page/198 |access-date=19 June 2012 }} *{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |author-link=John Esposito |date=2011 |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA14 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930142902/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA14 |archive-date=30 September 2015 }} * {{Cite book |last=Fontaine |first=P. F. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cuUEAAAQBAJ|title=Imperialism in Medieval History I: Dualism in Byzantine History 476–638 and Dualism in Islam 572–732 |date=4 October 2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-50234-5 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Forward |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Forward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCkQAQAAIAAJ |title=Muhammad: A Short Biography |date=1997-04-24 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-131-0 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |author-link=Richard A. Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |date=2007 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |author-link=Richard A. Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HQCBQAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |date=22 October 2014 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-8250-6 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last1=Gibb |first1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAajmgEACAAJ |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Vol. 1- |last2=Lewis |first2=Brian |last3=Donzel |first3=Emeri J. van |last4=Bosworth |first4=Clifford Edmund |date=1986 |publisher=E.J. Brill |language=en |ref = {{harvid|Gibb et al.|1986}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC |title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |date=27 February 1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59984-9 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Glubb |first=Sir John Bagot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miAqAQAAMAAJ |title=The Life and Times of Muhammad |date=2001 |publisher=Cooper Square Press |isbn=978-0-8154-1176-5 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Goddard |first=Hugh |date=2000 |title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations |url=https://archive.org/details/historychristian00godd |url-access=limited |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |chapter=The First Age of Christian-Muslim Interaction (c. 830/215) |pages=34–41 |isbn=978-1-56663-340-6}} *{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Goldman |date=1995 |title=Believers: spiritual leaders of the world |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/believersspiritu00gold }} * {{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiawUHevW24C |title=The Rise of Islam |date=30 May 2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32522-9 |language=en}} *{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Richard |last1=Gottheil |first2=Mary W. |last2=Montgomery |first3=Hubert |last3=Grimme |date=1906 |title=Mohammed |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10918-mohammed |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Kopelman Foundation]]}} * {{Cite book |last=Hazleton |first=Lesley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8b2JDQAAQBAJ |title=The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad |date=4 February 2014 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-59463-230-3 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Marshall G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18b-K9AMLlwC |title=The Venture of Islam, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam |date=15 May 2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-34686-1 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=P. M. |author-link1=Peter Holt (historian) |last2=Lambton |first2=Ann K. S. |last3=Lewis |first3=Bernard |author-link3=Bernard Lewis |date=1977 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |edition=paperback |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29135-4}} * {{Cite book |last1=Holt |first1=P. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OO-AQAACAAJ |title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1A, The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War |last2=Lambton |first2=Ann K. S. |last3=Lewis |first3=Bernard |date=21 April 1977 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |language=en|ref = {{harvid|Holt et al.|1977}}}} *{{cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |author-link1=Albert Hourani |last2=Ruthven |first2=Malise |author-link2=Malise Ruthven |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |date=2003 |publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8}} *{{Cite book |last=Howard-Johnston |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_9QEAAAQBAJ |title=Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century |date=10 June 2010 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-157608-9 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Humphreys |first=R. Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-A9DwAAQBAJ |title=Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry – Revised Edition |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00856-1 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ibn Hisham |first1=ʻAbd al-Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tug7AAAAMAAJ |title=The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh |last2=Ibn Ishaq |first2=Muhammad |date=1978 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-636034-8 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ibn Kathir |title=The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Volume I |last2=Gassick |first2=Dr Trevor Le |date=1 September 2000 |publisher=Garnet Publishing |isbn=978-1-85964-142-2 |location=Reading |language=English |translator-last=Gassick |translator-first=Prof Trevor Le}} * {{Cite book |last=Ibn Kathīr |first=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVdTAAAAYAAJ |title=The Life of the Prophet Muḥammad: A Translation of Al-Sīra Al-Nabawiyya |date=1998 |publisher=Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization |isbn=978-1-85964-040-1 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Scott Fitzgerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEYSDAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-027753-6 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpxEAAAQBAJ |title=The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism |date=2 June 2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-78765-9 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Kister |first=M. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PdbEAAAQBAJ |title=Society and Religion from Jahiliyya to Islam |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-58502-5 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Klein |first=F. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5eJAAAAMAAJ |title=The Religion of Islám |date=1906 |publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner |isbn=978-90-90-00408-2 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last1=Kloppenborg |first1=Ria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wN-mDwAAQBAJ |title=Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions |last2=Hanegraaff |first2=Wouter J. |date=2018-09-24 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-37888-9 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |date=2002 |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC |title=Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51441-5 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Lassner |first=Jacob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwdsUKLbS2wC |title=Jews, Christians, and the Abode of Islam: Modern Scholarship, Medieval Realities |date=15 March 2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-47107-5 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Lewis |date=2002 |orig-year=1993 |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280310-8 |title-link=The Arabs in History }} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=David Levering |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zxuar_ISdcUC |title=God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215 |date=12 January 2009 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-06790-3 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaEUDAAAQBAJ |title=Antisemitism: A History |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |date=28 October 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-923503-2 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |date=1997 |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |title-link=The Succession to Muhammad }} *{{Cite book |last=Margoliouth |first=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rwhm1b9hZh0C |title=Mohammed and the Rise of Islam |date=2010|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-61640-503-8 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Muranyi |first=Miklos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsXXAAAAMAAJ |title=The Life of Muhammad |date=1998 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-86078-703-7 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oHDEAAAQBAJ |title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice |date=12 November 2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-36026-8 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Muesse |first=Mark W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8hxEAAAQBAJ |title=Four Wise Men |date=1 January 2018 |publisher=Lutterworth Press |isbn=978-0-7188-9522-8 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trene_8DY10C |title=Suicide in the Middle Ages: Volume 2: The Curse on Self-Murder |date=3 March 2011 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-161399-9 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Nagel |first=Tilman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvgdEAAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad's Mission: Religion, Politics, and Power at the Birth of Islam |date=6 July 2020 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-067498-9 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Netton |first=Ian Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |date=2013-12-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-17960-1 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my7hnALd_NkC|title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |date=29 January 2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11074-9 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FS8W4fEXJpsC |title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam |date=6 April 1994 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-1597-0 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis Edward |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |date=2003 |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe }} *{{cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis Edward |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |date=2003b |title=The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition |volume=1 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691123721/the-monotheists-jews-christians-and-muslims-in-conflict-and |url-access=registration |publisher=Princeton University Press |id=ASIN: B0012385Z6 |isbn=0-691-11460-9}} *{{cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis Edward |date=10 November 2010 |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |title=Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA159 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974746-7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614223637/http://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC&pg=PA159 |archive-date=14 June 2013 }} *{{cite book |last=Peterson |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel C. Peterson |date=2007 |title=Muhammad, Prophet of God |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Phipps |first=William E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DR_mDAAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings |date=6 October 2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4742-8935-1 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Powers |first=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx-LAwAAQBAJ |title=Zayd |date=8 May 2014 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0995-2 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Quinn |first=Frederick |date=2008 |title=The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam in Western Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/sumofallheresies0000quin |url-access=registration |location=New York City |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |chapter=The Prophet as Antichrist and Arab Lucifer (Early Times to 1600) |pages=17–54 |isbn=978-0-19-532563-8}} *{{cite book |last=Ramadan |first=Tariq |author-link=Tariq Ramadan |date=2007 |title=In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530880-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama }} * {{Cite book |last=Rāshid |first=Maʿmar ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8mlCgAAQBAJ |title=The Expeditions: An Early Biography of Muḥammad |date=15 October 2015 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-0047-6 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel Said |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1SjEAAAQBAJ |title=The Emergence of Islam: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective |date=7 March 2023 |publisher=Augsburg Fortress Publishers |isbn=978-1-5064-7388-8 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Robin |first=Christian J. |date=2012 |title=Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533693-1 }} *{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=David |date=2004 |title=Muslim Societies in African History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82627-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Russ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOxXXwAACAAJ |title=The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah |date=2012 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-3766-0 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Rodinson |first=Maxime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttPdDwAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad |date=2 March 2021 |publisher=New York Review of Books |isbn=978-1-68137-493-2 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Roggema |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O15DwAAQBAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions |title=The Legend of Sergius Baḥīrā: Eastern Christian Apologetics and Apocalyptic in Response to Islam |date=2008-08-31 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-4195-3 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |title=Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic World, Third Edition |date=3 May 2018 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-3673-6 |editor-last=Rosenwein |editor-first=Barbara H. |location=Toronto Buffalo London |language=English}} * {{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Uri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WFqEAAAQBAJ |title=The Life of Muhammad |date=19 April 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-88676-5 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Ṣallābī |first=ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDmuURWiSNoC |title=The Noble Life of the Prophet |date=2005 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=978-9960-9678-9-9 |language=en}} * {{Citation |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a] |date=26 June 1998 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/1482 |editor-last=Schacht |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-08118-5 |editor2-last=Lewis |editor3-last=Pellat |editor4-last=Ménage|ref = {{harvid|Schacht et al.|1998}}}} *{{Cite book|last=Schroeder|first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDbR3Bz1OvsC|title=Muhammad's People: An Anthology of Muslim Civilization |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-42502-3|language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Spellberg |first=Denise A. |author-link=Denise Spellberg |date=1996 |title=Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-07999-0 |pages=39–40 |language=en }} *{{cite book |last=Stillman|first=Norman A. |author-link=Norman A. Stillman |date=1979 |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA236 |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7 |page=236}} *{{Cite book |last=Swarup |first=Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GLdZv97v2lMC |title=Understanding the Hadith: The Sacred Traditions of Islam |date=29 April 2011 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-61592-243-7 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Towghi |first=Malek Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCjFXhIWTlMC |title=Foundations of Muslim Images and Treatment of the World Beyond Islam |date=1991 |publisher=Michigan State University. Department of History |language=en}} *{{cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |date=1953 |title=Muhammad at Mecca |publisher=Oxford University Press |id=ASIN: B000IUA52A |isbn=978-0-19-577277-7 |title-link=Muhammad at Mecca (book) }} *{{cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |date=1956 |title=Muhammad at Medina |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577307-1 |title-link=Muhammad at Medina (book) }} *{{cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |date=1974 |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/138 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=United Kingdom |isbn=0-19-881078-4 }} *{{cite encyclopedia|last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery|date=1998 |title=Badr |chapter=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume I (A-B): [Fasc. 1-22] |url=https://brill.com/display/title/1480|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=867–8 |isbn=978-90-04-08114-7}} *{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |title=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |quote= |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}{{cbignore}} *{{Cite book |title=Islam |date=1961 |publisher=George Braziller |isbn=978-0-8076-0165-5 |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=John Alden |language=English}} * {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Rebecca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBi_X2qoxpgC|title=Muhammad and the Supernatural: Medieval Arab Views |date=2 May 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94085-0 |language=en}} *{{cite book |editor-last=Willis |editor-first=John Ralph |date=2013 |title=Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement |location=New York City |publisher=[[Routledge Press|Routledge]] |volume=1 |pages=vii–xi, 3–26 |isbn=978-0-7146-3142-4}} *{{Cite book|title =The Historical Muhammad|first=Irving|last=Zeitlin|year=2007}} {{refend}} ====Encyclopaedia of Islam==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} *{{cite encyclopedia |last=Abel |first=Armand |date=1960 |title=Baḥīrā |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/bahira-SIM_1050 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=1 }} *{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |date=1993 |title=Muḥammad |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=7 |pages=360–376 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 }} *{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam |title=MUHAMMED |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/muhammed |pages=406-479 |volume=30 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Muslim |first1=Imam Abul-Husain |title=Sahih Muslim |last2=Al-Khattab |first2=Nasiruddin |date=1 June 2007 |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications Inc |isbn=978-9960-9919-0-0 |edition=First |location=Riyadh |language=English}} *{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnMOEAAAQBAJ |title=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume I: From Convenant to Community |date=2021-03-09 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22682-8 |language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Sa'd |first=Muḥammad Ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ |title=Kitab Al-tabaqat Al-kabir - Volume 2 |date=1972 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |language=en}} *{{cite encyclopedia |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |date=1971 |title=Ḥalīma Bint Abī Ḏh̲uʾayb |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/halima-bint-abi-dhuayb-SIM_2648 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=3 }} *{{cite encyclopedia |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |date=1960 |title=Āmina |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/amina-SIM_0601 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=1 }} *{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Wensinck |first1=A.J. |last2=Rippen |first2=A. |date=2002 |title=Waḥy |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/wahy-COM_1331 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=11 }} *{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Wensinck |first1=A.J. |last2=Jomier |first2=J. |date=1990 |title=Ka'ba |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kaba-COM_0401?lang=en |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=4 }} {{refend}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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