Egypt Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Culture == {{Main|Culture of Egypt}} Egypt is a recognised cultural trendsetter of the Arabic-speaking world. Contemporary Arabic and Middle-Eastern culture is heavily influenced by Egyptian literature, music, film and television. Egypt gained a regional leadership role during the 1950s and 1960s, giving a further enduring boost to the standing of Egyptian culture in the Arabic-speaking world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49061 |title=Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009) |publisher=Ipsnews.net |date=29 October 2009 |access-date=25 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427044804/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49061 |archive-date=27 April 2011 }}</ref> [[File:حديقة الأزهر ومسجد محمد على.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Al-Azhar Park]] is listed as one of the world's sixty great public spaces by the [[Project for Public Spaces]].]] Egyptian identity evolved in the span of a long period of occupation to accommodate [[Islam]], [[Christianity]] and Judaism; and a new language, [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and its spoken descendant, [[Egyptian Arabic]] which is also based on many Ancient Egyptian words.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youregypt.com/issue3/topic.htm|title=The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?|author=Raymon Kondos|date=15 February 2004|access-date=21 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829005958/http://www.youregypt.com/issue3/topic.htm|archive-date=29 August 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The work of early 19th century scholar [[Rifa'a al-Tahtawi]] renewed interest in [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian antiquity]] and exposed Egyptian society to [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] principles. Tahtawi co-founded with education reformer [[Ali Mubarak]] a native [[Egyptology]] school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars, such as [[Suyuti]] and [[Maqrizi]], who themselves studied the [[History of ancient Egypt|history]], [[Egyptian language|language]] and [[Ancient Egyptian architecture|antiquities]] of Egypt.<ref>{{cite book|last=El-Daly|first=Okasha|title=Egyptology: The Missing Millennium|year=2005|publisher=UCL Press|location=London|page=29}}</ref> Egypt's renaissance peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the work of people like [[Muhammad Abduh]], [[Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed]], [[Muhammad Loutfi Goumah]], [[Tawfiq el-Hakim]], [[Louis Awad]], [[Qasim Amin]], [[Salama Moussa]], [[Taha Hussein]] and [[Mahmoud Mokhtar]]. They forged a [[liberalism|liberal]] path for Egypt expressed as a commitment to personal freedom, [[secularism]] and faith in science to bring progress.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jankowski|first=James|title=Egypt, A Short History|page=130}}</ref> === Arts === [[File:The judgement of the dead in the presence of Osiris.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The "weighing of the heart" scene from the ''[[Book of the Dead]]'']]{{See also|Architecture of Egypt}} The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and [[Ancient Egyptian architecture|architecture]]. [[Egyptian blue]], also known as calcium copper silicate, is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the [[Pharaoh]]s followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilisation is renowned for its colossal [[Egyptian pyramids|pyramids]], [[Egyptian temple|temples]] and monumental tombs. Well-known examples are the [[Pyramid of Djoser]] designed by ancient architect and engineer [[Imhotep]], the [[Sphinx]], and the temple of [[Abu Simbel]]. Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of [[Hassan Fathy]] and [[Ramses Wissa Wassef]], to [[Mahmoud Mokhtar]]'s sculptures, to the distinctive [[Coptic art|Coptic iconography]] of [[Isaac Fanous]]. The [[Cairo Opera House]] serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital. === Literature === {{Main|Egyptian literature}} [[File:Necip Mahfuz.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Naguib Mahfouz]], the first Arabic-language writer to win the [[Nobel Prize]] in Literature]] Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to [[ancient Egypt]] and is some of the earliest known literature. Indeed, the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today, that is, the [[book]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Edwards |first=Amelia |title=The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt |url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-6.html |access-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082547/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-6.html |archive-date=20 October 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of [[Arabic literature]], and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Arab world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Culture/000001/0203000000000000000567.htm |title=Global influence of Egyptian culture |date=4 February 2006 |publisher=Egypt State Information Service |access-date=21 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124223643/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Culture/000001/0203000000000000000567.htm |archive-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> The first modern Egyptian novel ''[[Zaynab (novel)|Zaynab]]'' by [[Muhammad Husayn Haykal]] was published in 1913 in the [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian vernacular]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Vatikiotis|first=P.J.|title=The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak|year=1991|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|location=London|isbn=978-0-297-82034-5|page=486|edition=4}}</ref> Egyptian novelist [[Naguib Mahfouz]] was the first Arabic-language writer to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. Egyptian women writers include [[Nawal El Saadawi]], well known for her [[feminism|feminist]] activism, and [[Alifa Rifaat]] who also writes about women and tradition. Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular [[literary genre]] among Egyptians, represented by the works of [[Ahmed Fouad Negm]] (Fagumi), [[Salah Jaheen]] and [[Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture of Egypt |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hellochina/egyptambassador09/2009-08/24/content_8607968.htm |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> === Media === {{Main|Media of Egypt}} [[Media of Egypt|Egyptian media]] are highly influential throughout the [[Arab World]], attributed to large audiences and increasing freedom from government control.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm#media |title=Country profiles: Egypt |work=BBC News |date=15 January 2013 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421002317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm#media |archive-date=21 April 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Levinson.html |title=Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt's First Contested Presidential Elections |publisher=Tbsjournal.com |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060816171126/http://tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Levinson.html |archive-date=16 August 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> Freedom of the media is guaranteed in the constitution; however, many laws still restrict this right.<ref name=bbc /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007 |title=Freedom House 2007 report |publisher=Freedomhouse.org |date=10 May 2004 |access-date=25 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227144203/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Cinema === {{Main|Cinema of Egypt}} [[File:Salah Zulfikar 2.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Salah Zulfikar]], film star]] [[File:Suad Husni.jpg|thumb|[[Soad Hosny]], film star|right|170px]] [[Egyptian cinema]] became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, [[Studio Misr]], financed by industrialist [[Talaat Pasha Harb|Talaat Harb]], emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades.<ref>{{cite book|last=Darwish|first=Mustafa|title=Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo|pages=12–13|year=1998}}</ref> For over 100 years, more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Houissa|first=Ali|title=LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film|url=https://guides.library.cornell.edu/MidEastCinema/Egypt|access-date=4 October 2021|website=guides.library.cornell.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dajani|first=Karen Finlon|date=1 May 1980|title=Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001654928002600202|journal=Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands)|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=89–98|doi=10.1177/001654928002600202|s2cid=144015456|issn=0016-5492}}</ref> Egypt is considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The golden age of Egyptian cinema - Focus|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1209/366778/AlAhram-Weekly/Focus/The-golden-age-of--Egyptian-cinema-.aspx|access-date=4 February 2022|website=Ahram Online}}</ref> Actors from all over the Arab world seek to appear in the Egyptian cinema for the sake of fame. The [[Cairo International Film Festival]] has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://azam.net/ukhotmovies/film-festivals/cairo-film-festival/ |title=Cairo International Film Festival information |work=UKHotMovies |date=1 December 2005 |access-date=17 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105193710/http://azam.net/ukhotmovies/film-festivals/cairo-film-festival/ |archive-date=5 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of cinemas increased with the emergence of talking films, and reached 395 in 1958. This number began to decline after the establishment of television in 1960 and the establishment of the public sector in cinemas in 1962, and reached 297 in 1965, then to 141 in 1995 due to the circulation of films through video equipment though the boom of the film industry in this period. Due to laws and procedures that encouraged investment in the establishment of private cinemas, they increased again, especially in commercial centres, until their number reached 200 in 2001 and 400 in 2009. Over a period of more than a hundred years, Egyptian cinema has presented more than four thousand films.<ref>{{Cite book|last=سعد|first=عبدالمنعم|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJaOQgAACAAJ&q=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9|title=موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية|date=1976|publisher=مطابع الأهرام التجارية|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shafik|first=Viola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QusdDAAAQBAJ&q=egyptian+cinema+history|title=Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-977-416-053-0|language=en}}</ref> === Music === {{Main|Music of Egypt}} [[File:Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png|alt=Ancient Egyptians playing music|thumb|Ancient Egyptians playing music]] [[Music of Egypt|Egyptian music]] is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of [[culture of Egypt|Egyptian culture]] since antiquity. The ancient [[Egyptians]] credited one of their gods [[Hathor]] with the invention of [[music]], which [[Osiris]] in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then.<ref>[http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html Music of Ancient Egypt] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013114158/http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html |date=13 October 2015}}, [[Kelsey Museum of Archaeology]], [[University of Michigan]].</ref> Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as [[Abdu al-Hamuli]], Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of [[Sayed Darwish]], [[Umm Kulthum]], [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]] and [[Abdel Halim Hafez]]. Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include [[Amr Diab]] and [[Mohamed Mounir]]. === Dances === [[File:Tanoura Dancing.jpg|thumb|[[Tanoura (dance)|Tanoura]] dancers performing in Wekalet El Ghoury, Cairo]] Today, Egypt is often considered the home of [[belly dance]]. Egyptian [[belly dance]] has two main styles – [[raqs baladi]] and [[raqs sharqi]]. There are also numerous folkloric and character dances that may be part of an Egyptian-style belly dancer's repertoire, as well as the modern shaabi street dance which shares some elements with [[raqs baladi]]. === Museums === {{Main|List of museums in Egypt}} [[File:Egyptian Museum in Cairo in May 2015.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Egyptian Museum]] of Cairo]] Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. At least 60 museums may be found in Egypt. [[File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Tutankhamun's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the [[Egyptian Museum]] of Cairo.]] The three main museums in Egypt are [[The Egyptian Museum]] which has more than 120,000 items, the [[Egyptian National Military Museum]] and the [[6th of October Panorama]]. The [[Grand Egyptian Museum]] (GEM), also known as the Giza Museum, is an under construction museum that will house the largest collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts in the world, it has been described as the world's largest archaeological museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/07/25/AM200607251.html |title=Marketplace: Egypt's next big thing |author=Nancy Farghalli |work=Marketplace |publisher=American Public Media |date=25 July 2006 |access-date=31 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515221138/http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/07/25/AM200607251.html |archive-date=15 May 2008 }}</ref> The museum was scheduled to open in 2015 and will be sited on {{convert|50|ha|acre}} of land approximately {{convert|2|km|mi|spell=in|abbr=off}} from the Giza Necropolis and is part of a new master plan for the plateau. The Minister of Antiquities Mamdouh al-Damaty announced in May 2015 that the museum will be partially opened in May 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/great-museum-be-inaugurated-may-2018|title=Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent|date=10 May 2015|access-date=14 December 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150709180239/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/great-museum-be-inaugurated-may-2018|archive-date=9 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> === Festivals === Egypt celebrates many festivals and religious carnivals, also known as ''mulid''. They are usually associated with a particular Coptic or Sufi saint, but are often celebrated by Egyptians irrespective of creed or religion. The ancient spring festival of [[Sham El Nessim|Sham en Nisim]] ([[Coptic language|Coptic]]: {{Coptic|Ϭⲱⲙ‘ⲛⲛⲓⲥⲓⲙ}} ''shom en nisim'') has been celebrated by Egyptians for thousands of years, typically between the [[Egyptian calendar|Egyptian months]] of [[Paremoude]] (April) and [[Pashons]] (May), following [[Easter]] Sunday. === Cuisine === {{Main|Egyptian cuisine}} [[File:Egyptian food Koshary.jpg|thumb|[[Kushari]], one of Egypt's national dishes]] Egyptian cuisine relies heavily on legume and vegetable dishes. Although food in Alexandria and the coast of Egypt tends to use a great deal of fish and other seafood, for the most part Egyptian cuisine is based on foods that grow out of the ground. Meat has been very expensive for most Egyptians throughout history, so a great number of vegetarian dishes have been developed. Some consider [[kushari]] (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the [[national dish]]. In addition, [[ful medames]] (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making [[falafel]] (also known as "ta'miya"), which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to [[mulukhiyya|molokhiya]], a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit. === Sports === [[File:Crowd in Cairo Stadium.jpg|thumb|A crowd at Cairo Stadium watching the [[Egypt national football team]]]] [[Association football|Football]] is the most popular [[national sport]] of Egypt. The [[Cairo Derby]] is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/football/features/newsid_2299000/2299305.stm |title=BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek |work=BBC News |date=5 August 2002 |access-date=25 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511124932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/football/features/newsid_2299000/2299305.stm |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Al Ahly SC|Al Ahly]] is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals [[Zamalek SC]]. They are known as the "[[CAF Clubs of the 20th Century|African Club of the Century]]". With twenty titles, Al Ahly is currently the world's most successful club in terms of international trophies, surpassing Italy's [[A.C. Milan]] and Argentina's [[Boca Juniors]], both having eighteen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/11/al-ahly-master-world/ |title=Al-Ahly – master of the world |newspaper=Daily News Egypt |date=11 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211115406/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/11/al-ahly-master-world/ |archive-date=11 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Egypt national football team|Egyptian national football team]], known as the Pharaohs, won the [[African Cup of Nations]] seven times, including three times in a row in 2006, 2008, and 2010. Considered the most successful African national team and one which has reached the top 10 of the FIFA world rankings, Egypt has qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup]] three times. Two goals from star player [[Mohamed Salah]] in their last qualifying game took Egypt through to the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/08/world-cup-round-up-egypt-poland-qualify|title=Mo Salah's late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990|date=8 October 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206052043/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/08/world-cup-round-up-egypt-poland-qualify|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Egyptian Youth National team Young Pharaohs won the Bronze Medal of the [[2001 FIFA World Youth Championship|2001 FIFA youth world cup]] in Argentina. Egypt was 4th place in the football tournament in the [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928]] and the [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]] Olympics. [[Squash (sport)|Squash]] and [[tennis]] are other popular sports in Egypt. The Egyptian squash team has been competitive in international championships since the 1930s. [[Amr Shabana]], [[Ali Farag]] and [[Ramy Ashour]] are Egypt's best players and all were ranked the world's number one squash player. Egypt has won the Squash World Championships five times, with the last title being in [[2019 Men's World Team Squash Championships|2019]]. In 1999, Egypt [[1999 World Men's Handball Championship|hosted]] the [[IHF World Men's Handball Championship]], and hosted it again in [[2021 World Men's Handball Championship|2021]]. In 2001, the [[Egypt men's national handball team|national handball team]] achieved its best result in the tournament by reaching fourth place. Egypt has won in the [[African Men's Handball Championship]] five times, being the best team in Africa. In addition to that, it also championed the [[Egypt at the 2013 Mediterranean Games|Mediterranean Games]] in [[Handball at the 2013 Mediterranean Games|2013]], the [[Beach Handball World Championships]] in [[2004 Beach Handball World Championships|2004]] and the [[Egypt at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Summer Youth Olympics]] in [[Handball at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament|2010]]. Among all African nations, the [[Egypt national basketball team]] holds the record for best performance at the [[FIBA Basketball World Cup|Basketball World Cup]] and at the [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html |title=1950 World Championship for Men |publisher=FIBA |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113212042/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html |archive-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2933/tid/276/_/1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/index.html |title=Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men |publisher=FIBA |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811212844/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2933/tid/276/_/1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/index.html |archive-date=11 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Further, the team has won a record number of 16 medals at the [[FIBA Africa Championship|African Championship]]. [[Egypt at the Olympics|Egypt has taken part]] in the [[Summer Olympic Games]] since 1912 and has hosted [[:Category:International sports competitions hosted by Egypt|several other international competitions]] including [[1951 Mediterranean Games|the first Mediterranean Games]] in 1951, the [[1991 All-Africa Games]], the [[2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup]] and the [[1953 Pan Arab Games|1953]], [[1965 Pan Arab Games|1965]] and [[2007 Pan Arab Games|2007]] editions of the [[Pan Arab Games]]. Egypt featured a national team in [[beach volleyball]] that competed at the [[2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup]] in both the women's and the men's section.<ref>{{cite news |title= Continental Cup Finals start in Africa|url=https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |access-date=7 August 2021 |work=[[FIVB]] |date=22 June 2021}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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