Democratic Party (United States)

== Factions ==
{{further|Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)}}
Upon foundation, the Democratic Party supported [[agrarianism]] and the [[Jacksonian democracy]] movement of President [[Andrew Jackson]], representing farmers and rural interests and traditional [[Jeffersonian democracy|Jeffersonian democrats]].<ref>John Ashworth, ''"Agrarians" & "aristocrats": Party political ideology in the United States, 1837–1846''(1983)</ref> Since the 1890s, especially in northern states, the party began to favor more liberal positions (the term "liberal" in this sense describes [[Modern liberalism in the United States|modern liberalism]], rather than [[classical liberalism]] or [[economic liberalism]]). Historically, the party has represented farmers, laborers, and religious and ethnic minorities as it has opposed unregulated business and finance and favored progressive income taxes. 

In the 1930s, the party began advocating [[Social programs in the United States|social programs]] targeted at the poor. The party had a [[Fiscal conservatism|fiscally conservative]], [[Economic liberalism|pro-business]] wing, typified by [[Grover Cleveland]] and [[Al Smith]], and a [[Southern Democrats|Southern]] conservative wing that shrank after President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] supported the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. In foreign policy, [[internationalism (politics)|internationalism]] (including [[interventionism (politics)|interventionism]]) was a dominant theme from 1913 to the mid-1960s. The major influences for liberalism were labor unions (which peaked in the 1936–1952 era) and African Americans. Environmentalism has been a major component since the 1970s. 

The 21st century Democratic Party is predominantly a coalition of centrists, liberals, and progressives, with significant overlap between the three groups. In 2019, the Pew Research Center found that among Democratic and Democratic-leaning registered voters, 47% identify as liberal or very liberal, 38% identify as moderate, and 14% identify as conservative or very conservative.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilberstadt |first1=Hannah |last2=Daniller |first2=Andrew |date=2020-01-17 |title=Liberals make up the largest share of Democratic voters, but their growth has slowed in recent years |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/17/liberals-make-up-largest-share-of-democratic-voters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117201701/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/17/liberals-make-up-largest-share-of-democratic-voters/ |archive-date=2020-01-17 |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brownstein |first1=Ronald |title=The Democrats' Coalition Could Fundamentally Change by 2020 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/05/democrats-progressive-agenda-and-2020-election/589066/ |website=The Atlantic |date=May 9, 2019 |access-date=March 13, 2020 |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323161712/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/05/democrats-progressive-agenda-and-2020-election/589066/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In recent [[exit poll]]s, the Democratic Party has had broad appeal across most socioeconomic and ethnic demographics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2008/11/05/inside-obamas-sweeping-victory/|title=Inside Obama's Sweeping Victory|website=Pew Research Center|date=November 5, 2008|access-date=July 11, 2017|archive-date=July 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715170423/http://www.pewresearch.org/2008/11/05/inside-obamas-sweeping-victory/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN. (2004). Exit Poll.">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html|title=CNN. (2004). Exit Poll|access-date=July 11, 2007|archive-date=May 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514025413/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN. (2006). Exit Poll.">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/US/H/00/epolls.0.html|title=CNN. (2006). Exit Poll|access-date=July 11, 2007|archive-date=February 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213112422/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/US/H/00/epolls.0.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Political scientists characterize the Democratic Party as less ideologically cohesive than the Republican Party due to the broader diversity of coalitions that compose the Democratic Party.<ref name="Gidron-2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Gidron|first1=Noam|last2=Ziblatt|first2=Daniel|date=May 11, 2019|title=Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies |journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=17–35|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750|s2cid=182421002|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Grossman-2016">{{Cite book|last1=Grossman|first1=Matt|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190626594.001.0001/acprof-9780190626594|title=Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats|last2=Hopkins|first2=David A.|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-062659-4|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190626594.001.0001|access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-date=November 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128121511/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190626594.001.0001/acprof-9780190626594|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lelkes-2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Lelkes|first1=Yphtach|last2=Sniderman|first2=Paul M.|date=2016|title=The Ideological Asymmetry of the American Party System|journal=British Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=825–844|doi=10.1017/S0007123414000404|issn=0007-1234|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Centrists ===
{{see also|New Democrats (United States)|Third Way}}
Centrist Democrats, or [[New Democrats (United States)|New Democrats]], are an ideologically [[Centrism|centrist]] faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[George H. W. Bush]] in the [[1988 United States presidential election|1988 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web|title= DLC: The New American Choice Resolutions|work= Democratic Leadership Council |url=http://www.dlc.org/ndol_cid211.html?kaid=86&subid=194&contentid=1251 |access-date=February 25, 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://archive.today/20140111224830/http://www.dlc.org/ndol_cid211.html?kaid=86&subid=194&contentid=1251 |archive-date=January 11, 2014}}</ref> Running as a New Democrat, Bill Clinton won the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992]] and [[1996 United States presidential election|1996]] presidential elections.<ref>Alvarez, R. Michael, and Jonathan Nagler. "Economics, Entitlements, and Social Issues: Voter Choice in the 1996 Presidential Election." ''American Journal of Political Science'' 42, no. 4 (1998): 1361.</ref> They are an economically [[Economic liberalism|liberal]] and "[[Third Way]]" faction that dominated the party for around 20 years, until the start of [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama's presidency]]. They are represented by organizations such as the [[New Democrat Network]] and the [[New Democrat Coalition]]. The New Democrat Coalition is a pro-growth and fiscally moderate congressional coalition.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us – New Democrat Coalition|url=https://newdemocratcoalition.house.gov/about-us|access-date=February 18, 2023|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804191303/https://newdemocratcoalition.house.gov/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the most influential centrist groups was the [[Democratic Leadership Council]] (DLC), a nonprofit organization that advocated centrist positions for the party. The DLC disbanded in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0211/Democratic_Leadership_Council_will_fold.html|title=Democratic Leadership Council will fold|website=Politico|date=February 7, 2011|access-date=September 18, 2011|archive-date=June 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626020036/http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0211/Democratic_Leadership_Council_will_fold.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some Democratic elected officials have self-declared as being centrists, including former President Bill Clinton, former Vice President [[Al Gore]], Senator [[Mark Warner]], former Pennsylvania governor [[Ed Rendell]], former Senator [[Jim Webb]], President [[Joe Biden]], and former congresswoman [[Ann Kirkpatrick]].<ref name="Members - New Democrat Coalition">{{cite web|url=https://newdemocratcoalition-kind.house.gov/members|title=Members – New Democrat Coalition|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907005152/https://newdemocratcoalition-kind.house.gov/members|archive-date=September 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2152360|title=The Making of the New Democrats|first=Jon F.|last=Hale|date=January 1, 1995|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=110|issue=2|pages=207–232|doi=10.2307/2152360}}</ref>

The New Democrat Network supports socially liberal and fiscally moderate Democratic politicians and is associated with the congressional [[New Democrat Coalition]] in the House.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newdemocratcoalition.house.gov/|title=New Democrat Coalition|access-date=March 11, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308074931/https://newdemocratcoalition.house.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Annie Kuster]] is the chair of the coalition,<ref name="Members - New Democrat Coalition"/> and former senator and President [[Barack Obama]] was self-described as a New Democrat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/obama-i-am-a-new-democrat-019862#ixzz3o9jykSUe|title=Obama: 'I am a New Democrat'|work=Politico.com|date=March 10, 2009 |access-date=April 16, 2017|archive-date=April 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419161022/http://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/obama-i-am-a-new-democrat-019862#ixzz3o9jykSUe|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Conservatives ===
{{see also|Conservative Democrat|Blue Dog Coalition}}
[[File:State Dining Room 2009.jpg|thumb|President Obama meeting with the [[Blue Dog Coalition]] in 2009]]
A conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with more conservative views than most Democrats. Until the 2010s, the Democratic Party had a large conservative element, mostly from the South and [[Upland South|Border]] regions.<ref name="blue-dog-regroup">{{cite news |last1=Kane |first1=Paul |date=2014-01-15 |title=Blue Dog Democrats, whittled down in number, are trying to regroup |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/blue-dog-democrats-whittled-down-in-number-are-trying-to-regroup/2014/01/15/37d4e7e2-7dfd-11e3-95c6-0a7aa80874bc_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=2014-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091758/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/blue-dog-democrats-whittled-down-in-number-are-trying-to-regroup/2014/01/15/37d4e7e2-7dfd-11e3-95c6-0a7aa80874bc_story.html |archive-date=2014-01-16 |quote=Four years ago, they were the most influential voting bloc on Capitol Hill, more than 50 House Democrats pulling their liberal colleagues to a more centrist, fiscally conservative vision on issues such as health care and Wall Street reforms.}}</ref> Their numbers declined sharply as the Republican Party built up its Southern base.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2010/11/11/the-long-goodbye|date=November 11, 2010|newspaper=The Economist|title=The long goodbye|quote=In 1981 Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time since 1953, but most Southern elected officials remained white Democrats. When Republicans took control of the House in 1995, white Democrats still comprised one-third of the South's tally. ... white Southern Democrats have met their Appomattox: they will account for just 24 of the South's 155 senators and congressmen in the 112th United States Congress.|access-date=February 20, 2023}}</ref>  

After the [[Republican Revolution|1994 Republican Revolution]], the [[Blue Dog Coalition]] was formed as a caucus of conservatives and centrists willing to broker compromises with the Republican leadership. The Blue Dog Coalition has at times acted as a unified voting bloc, giving its members some ability to influence legislation.<ref name="blue-dog-regroup">{{cite news |last1=Kane |first1=Paul |date=2014-01-15 |title=Blue Dog Democrats, whittled down in number, are trying to regroup |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/blue-dog-democrats-whittled-down-in-number-are-trying-to-regroup/2014/01/15/37d4e7e2-7dfd-11e3-95c6-0a7aa80874bc_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=2014-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091758/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/blue-dog-democrats-whittled-down-in-number-are-trying-to-regroup/2014/01/15/37d4e7e2-7dfd-11e3-95c6-0a7aa80874bc_story.html |archive-date=2014-01-16 |quote=Four years ago, they were the most influential voting bloc on Capitol Hill, more than 50 House Democrats pulling their liberal colleagues to a more centrist, fiscally conservative vision on issues such as health care and Wall Street reforms.}}</ref>

=== Liberals ===
{{see also|Modern liberalism in the United States}}
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt at the Democratic Nationall Convention in Chicago, Illinois - NARA - 195997.jpg|thumb|left|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] at the [[1956 Democratic National Convention]] in Chicago]]
[[Social liberalism|Social liberals]] ([[Modern liberalism in the United States|modern liberals]]) are a large portion of the Democratic base. According to 2018 exit polls, liberals constituted 27% of the electorate, and 91% of American liberals favored the candidate of the Democratic Party.<ref name="2018e">{{cite web |title=Exit Polls |url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2018/exit-polls |website=CNN Politics |access-date=July 4, 2020 |archive-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114225635/https://www.cnn.com/election/2018/exit-polls |url-status=live}}</ref> [[White-collar worker|White-collar]] college-educated professionals were mostly Republican until the 1950s, but they had become a vital component of the Democratic Party by the early 2000s.<ref name="Judis, B. J. (July 11, 2003). The trouble with Howard Dean. ''Salon.com''.">{{cite web|last=Judis|first=John B.|title=The trouble with Howard Dean|work=Salon|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2003/07/11/dean/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921000516/http://www.salon.com/2003/07/11/dean_15/|archive-date=September 21, 2012|date=July 11, 2003|access-date=July 19, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A large majority of liberals favor moving toward [[universal health care]], with many supporting an eventual gradual transition to a [[single-payer health care|single-payer system]] in particular. A majority also favor diplomacy over [[war|military action]]; [[stem cell|stem cell research]], [[same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]], stricter [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]], environmental protection laws, as well as the preservation of [[pro-choice|abortion rights]]. Immigration and [[cultural diversity]] are deemed positive as liberals favor [[cultural pluralism]], a system in which immigrants retain their native culture in addition to adopting their new culture. Most liberals oppose increased military spending and the mixing of church and state.<ref name="Pew Research Center.">{{cite web|url=http://people-press.org/2005/05/10/beyond-red-vs-blue/|title=Pew Research Center. (May 10, 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue, p. 1 of 8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731155950/http://www.people-press.org/2005/05/10/beyond-red-vs-blue/|archive-date=July 31, 2012|access-date=July 12, 2007|url-status=dead |date=May 10, 2005}}</ref> They tend to be divided on [[United States free trade agreements|free trade agreements]] such as the [[USMCA]] and [[Permanent Normal Trade Relations|PNTR]] with China, with some seeing them as more favorable to corporations than workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/2/18/18215442/2020-democratic-presidential-candidates-policies-trade|work=Vox|publisher=Vox.com|title=The big divide among 2020 Democrats over trade — and why it matters|date=February 18, 2019|access-date=May 10, 2019|archive-date=May 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508165656/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/2/18/18215442/2020-democratic-presidential-candidates-policies-trade|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, the three most significant labor groupings in the Democratic coalition were the [[AFL–CIO]] and [[Change to Win Federation|Change to Win]] [[National trade union center|labor federations]] as well as the [[National Education Association]], a large, unaffiliated teachers' union. Important issues for labor unions include supporting [[industrial policy]] that sustains unionized manufacturing jobs, raising the [[minimum wage in the United States|minimum wage]], and promoting broad social programs such as [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |date=January 31, 2020 |title=Among Democrats, Christians lean toward Biden, while 'nones' prefer Sanders |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/31/among-democrats-christians-lean-toward-biden-while-nones-prefer-sanders/ |access-date=November 16, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211092938/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/31/among-democrats-christians-lean-toward-biden-while-nones-prefer-sanders/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

This ideological group differs from the traditional organized labor base. According to the [[Pew Research Center]], a plurality of 41% resided in [[mass affluent]] households and 49% were college graduates, the highest figure of any typographical group. It was also the fastest growing typological group since the late 1990s to the present.<ref name="Pew Research Center."/> Liberals include most of academia<ref name="Kurtz, H. (March 29, 2005). College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds. ''The Washington Post''.">{{cite news|title=College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds|last=Kurtz|first=Howard|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8427-2005Mar28.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|agency=Washingtonpost.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604090510/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8427-2005Mar28.html|archive-date=June 4, 2012|access-date=July 2, 2007|date=March 29, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> and large portions of the professional class.<ref name="Levitz-2022">{{Cite web |last=Levitz |first=Eric |date=October 19, 2022 |title=How the Diploma Divide Is Remaking American Politics |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html |access-date=October 21, 2022 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |language=en-us |quote=Blue America is an increasingly wealthy and well-educated place. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Americans without college degrees were more likely than university graduates to vote Democratic. But that gap began narrowing in the late 1960s before finally flipping in 2004... A more educated Democratic coalition is, naturally, a more affluent one... In every presidential election from 1948 to 2012, white voters in the top 5 percent of America's income distribution were more Republican than those in the bottom 95 percent. Now, the opposite is true: Among America's white majority, the rich voted to the left of the middle class and the poor in 2016 and 2020, while the poor voted to the right of the middle class and the rich. |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020215535/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Progressives ===
[[Progressivism in the United States|Progressives]] are the most left-leaning faction in the party and support strong business regulations, [[Social programs in the United States|social programs]], and [[workers' rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/progrsvsm.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629030845/http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/progrsvsm.html|archive-date=June 29, 2008|title=Progressivism|publisher=Columbia Encyclopaedia|year=2007|access-date=January 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~ppennock/Progressive%20Reforms.htm|title=Important Examples of Progressive Reforms|publisher=University of Michigan|access-date=April 2, 2014|archive-date=February 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212014328/http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~ppennock/Progressive%20Reforms.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many progressive Democrats are descendants of the [[New Left]] of Democratic presidential candidate Senator [[George McGovern]] of South Dakota whereas others were involved in the [[Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign|2016 presidential candidacy]] of Vermont Senator [[Bernie Sanders]]. Progressives are often considered to have ideas similar to social democracy due to heavy inspiration from the [[Nordic Model]], believing in federal top marginal income taxes ranging from 52% to 70%,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/4/18168431/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-70-percent
|publisher=Mathew Yglesias|title=Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is floating a 70 percent top tax rate — here's the research that backs her up|date=January 4, 2019| access-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref> rent control,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://bungalow.com/articles/rent-control-in-san-francisco-everything-you-need-to-know
|publisher=Bungalow team|title=Rent control in San Francisco: Everything you need to know| access-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref> increased collective bargaining power, a $15-an-hour minimum wage, as well as free tuition and Universal Healthcare (typically [[Single-payer healthcare|Medicare for All]]).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dailydot.com/debug/bernie-sanders-2020-platform-issues/
|publisher= Brenden Gallagher|title=Everybody wants to be him in 2020, but there's only one Bernie Sanders|date= February 24, 2019| access-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref>

In 2014, progressive Senator [[Elizabeth Warren]] set out "Eleven Commandments of Progressivism": tougher regulation on corporations; affordable education; scientific investment and environmentalism; [[net neutrality]]; increased wages; equal pay for women; collective bargaining rights; defending social programs; [[same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]]; [[Immigration reform in the US|immigration reform]]; and unabridged access to reproductive healthcare.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-s-11-commandments-of-progressivism-20140718|title=Elizabeth Warren's 11 Commandments of Progressivism|work=National Journal|access-date=October 22, 2014|archive-date=October 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020041916/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-s-11-commandments-of-progressivism-20140718|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

Recently, many progressives have made combating [[Economic inequality in the United States|economic inequality]] their top priority. The [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]] (CPC) is a caucus of progressive Democrats chaired by [[Pramila Jayapal]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/jayapal-joins-pocan-as-co-chair-of-congressional-progressive-caucus |title=Jayapal Joins Pocan As Co-Chair of Congressional Progressive Caucus |last=McPherson |first=Lindsey |date=November 29, 2018 |website=[[rollcall.com]] |access-date=January 20, 2019 |archive-date=January 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064755/https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/jayapal-joins-pocan-as-co-chair-of-congressional-progressive-caucus |url-status=live}}</ref> Its members have included Representatives [[Dennis Kucinich]] of [[Ohio]], [[John Conyers]] of [[Michigan]], [[Jim McDermott]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Barbara Lee]] of California, and Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] of [[Minnesota]]. Senators [[Sherrod Brown]] of [[Ohio]], [[Tammy Baldwin]] of [[Wisconsin]], [[Mazie Hirono]] of Hawaii, and [[Ed Markey]] of [[Massachusetts]] were members of the caucus when in the House of Representatives. As of March 2023, no Democratic senators belonged to the CPC, but independent Senator Bernie Sanders was a member.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caucus Members |url=https://progressives.house.gov/caucus-members |website=Congressional Progressive Caucus |access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref>