COVID-19

=== Sex differences ===
{{Main|Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin-left:1em; font-size: 90%; float:right; clear:right"
|+ class="nowrap" | Estimated prognosis by age and sex<br />based on cases from [[COVID-19 pandemic in France|France]]<br />and [[COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess|Diamond Princess ship]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Salje H, Tran Kiem C, Lefrancq N, Courtejoie N, Bosetti P, Paireau J, Andronico A, Hozé N, Richet J, Dubost CL, Le Strat Y, Lessler J, Levy-Bruhl D, Fontanet A, Opatowski L, Boelle PY, Cauchemez S  | title = Estimating the burden of SARS-CoV-2 in France | journal = Science | volume = 369 | issue = 6500 | pages = 208–211 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32404476 | pmc = 7223792 | doi = 10.1126/science.abc3517 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020Sci...369..208S }}</ref>
|-
!colspan="10| Percentage of infected people who are hospitalised
|-
!
! 0–19
! 20–29
! 30–39
! 40–49
! 50–59
! 60–69
! 70–79
! 80+
! Total
|-
! Female
|{{shade|0.1}}<br /><small>(0.07–0.2)</small>
|{{shade|0.5}}<br /><small>(0.3–0.8)</small>
|{{shade|0.9}}<br /><small>(0.5–1.5)</small>
|{{shade|1.3}}<br /><small>(0.7–2.1)</small>
|{{shade|2.6}}<br /><small>(1.5–4.2)</small>
|{{shade|5.1}}<br /><small>(2.9–8.3)</small>
|{{shade|7.8}}<br /><small>(4.4–12.8)</small>
|{{shade|19.3}}<br /><small>(10.9–31.6)</small>
|{{shade|2.6}}<br /><small>(1.5–4.3)</small>
|-
! Male
|{{shade|0.2}}<br /><small>(0.08–0.2)</small>
|{{shade|0.6}}<br /><small>(0.3–0.9)</small>
|{{shade|1.2}}<br /><small>(0.7–1.9)</small>
|{{shade|1.6}}<br /><small>(0.9–2.6)</small>
|{{shade|3.2}}<br /><small>(1.8–5.2)</small>
|{{shade|6.7}}<br /><small>(3.7–10.9)</small>
|{{shade|11.0}}<br /><small>(6.2–17.9)</small>
|{{shade|37.6}}<br /><small>(21.1–61.3)</small>
|{{shade|3.3}}<br /><small>(1.8–5.3)</small>
|-
! Total
|{{shade|0.1}}<br /><small>(0.08–0.2)</small>
|{{shade|0.5}}<br /><small>(0.3–0.8)</small>
|{{shade|1.1}}<br /><small>(0.6–1.7)</small>
|{{shade|1.4}}<br /><small>(0.8–2.3)</small>
|{{shade|2.9}}<br /><small>(1.6–4.7)</small>
|{{shade|5.8}}<br /><small>(3.3–9.5)</small>
|{{shade|9.3}}<br /><small>(5.2–15.1)</small>
|{{shade|26.2}}<br /><small>(14.8–42.7)</small>
|{{shade|2.9}}<br /><small>(1.7–4.8)</small>
|-
!colspan="10| Percentage of hospitalised people who go to Intensive Care Unit
|-
!
! 0–19
! 20–29
! 30–39
! 40–49
! 50–59
! 60–69
! 70–79
! 80+
! Total
|-
! Female
|{{shade|16.7}}<br /><small>(14.3–19.3)</small>
|{{shade|8.7}}<br /><small>(7.5–9.9)</small>
|{{shade|11.9}}<br /><small>(10.9–13.0)</small>
|{{shade|16.6}}<br /><small>(15.6–17.7)</small>
|{{shade|20.7}}<br /><small>(19.8–21.6)</small>
|{{shade|23.1}}<br /><small>(22.2–24.0)</small>
|{{shade|18.7}}<br /><small>(18.0–19.5)</small>
|{{shade|4.2}}<br /><small>(4.0–4.5)</small>
|{{shade|14.3}}<br /><small>(13.9–14.7)</small>
|-
! Male
|{{shade|26.9}}<br /><small>(23.1–31.1)</small>
|{{shade|14.0}}<br /><small>(12.2–16.0)</small>
|{{shade|19.2}}<br /><small>(17.6–20.9)</small>
|{{shade|26.9}}<br /><small>(25.4–28.4)</small>
|{{shade|33.4}}<br /><small>(32.0–34.8)</small>
|{{shade|37.3}}<br /><small>(36.0–38.6)</small>
|{{shade|30.2}}<br /><small>(29.1–31.3)</small>
|{{shade|6.8}}<br /><small>(6.5–7.2)</small>
|{{shade|23.1}}<br /><small>(22.6–23.6)</small>
|-
! Total
|{{shade|22.2}}<br /><small>(19.1–25.7)</small>
|{{shade|11.6}}<br /><small>(10.1–13.2)</small>
|{{shade|15.9}}<br /><small>(14.5–17.3)</small>
|{{shade|22.2}}<br /><small>(21.0–23.5)</small>
|{{shade|27.6}}<br /><small>(26.5–28.7)</small>
|{{shade|30.8}}<br /><small>(29.8–31.8)</small>
|{{shade|24.9}}<br /><small>(24.1–25.8)</small>
|{{shade|5.6}}<br /><small>(5.3–5.9)</small>
|{{shade|19.0}}<br /><small>(18.7–19.44)</small>
|-
!colspan="10| Percent of hospitalised people who die
|-
!
! 0–19
! 20–29
! 30–39
! 40–49
! 50–59
! 60–69
! 70–79
! 80+
! Total
|-
! Female
|{{shade|0.5}}<br /><small>(0.2–1.0)</small>
|{{shade|0.9}}<br /><small>(0.5–1.3)</small>
|{{shade|1.5}}<br /><small>(1.2–1.9)</small>
|{{shade|2.6}}<br /><small>(2.3–3.0)</small>
|{{shade|5.2}}<br /><small>(4.8–5.6)</small>
|{{shade|10.1}}<br /><small>(9.5–10.6)</small>
|{{shade|16.7}}<br /><small>(16.0–17.4)</small>
|{{shade|25.2}}<br /><small>(24.4–26.0)</small>
|{{shade|14.4}}<br /><small>(14.0–14.8)</small>
|-
! Male
|{{shade|0.7}}<br /><small>(0.3–1.5)</small>
|{{shade|1.3}}<br /><small>(0.8–1.9)</small>
|{{shade|2.2}}<br /><small>(1.7–2.7)</small>
|{{shade|3.8}}<br /><small>(3.3–4.4)</small>
|{{shade|7.6}}<br /><small>(7.0–8.2)</small>
|{{shade|14.8}}<br /><small>(14.1–15.6)</small>
|{{shade|24.6}}<br /><small>(23.7–25.6)</small>
|{{shade|37.1}}<br /><small>(36.1–38.2)</small>
|{{shade|21.2}}<br /><small>(20.8–21.7)</small>
|-
! Total
|{{shade|0.6}}<br /><small>(0.2–1.3)</small>
|{{shade|1.1}}<br /><small>(0.7–1.6)</small>
|{{shade|1.9}}<br /><small>(1.5–2.3)</small>
|{{shade|3.3}}<br /><small>(2.9–3.8)</small>
|{{shade|6.5}}<br /><small>(6.0–7.0)</small>
|{{shade|12.6}}<br /><small>(12.0–13.2)</small>
|{{shade|21.0}}<br /><small>(20.3–21.7)</small>
|{{shade|31.6}}<br /><small>(30.9–32.4)</small>
|{{shade|18.1}}<br /><small>(17.8–18.4)</small>
|-
!colspan="10| Percent of infected people who die{{snd}}infection fatality rate (IFR)
|-
!
! 0–19
! 20–29
! 30–39
! 40–49
! 50–59
! 60–69
! 70–79
! 80+
! Total
|-
! Female
|{{shade|0.001}}<br /><small>(<0.001–0.002)</small>
|{{shade|0.004}}<br /><small>(0.002–0.007)</small>
|{{shade|0.01}}<br /><small>(0.007–0.02)</small>
|{{shade|0.03}}<br /><small>(0.02–0.06)</small>
|{{shade|0.1}}<br /><small>(0.08–0.2)</small>
|{{shade|0.5}}<br /><small>(0.3–0.8)</small>
|{{shade|1.3}}<br /><small>(0.7–2.1)</small>
|{{shade|4.9}}<br /><small>(2.7–8.0)</small>
|{{shade|0.4}}<br /><small>(0.2–0.6)</small>
|-
! Male
|{{shade|0.001}}<br /><small>(<0.001–0.003)</small>
|{{shade|0.007}}<br /><small>(0.003–0.01)</small>
|{{shade|0.03}}<br /><small>(0.02–0.05)</small>
|{{shade|0.06}}<br /><small>(0.03–0.1)</small>
|{{shade|0.2}}<br /><small>(0.1–0.4)</small>
|{{shade|1.0}}<br /><small>(0.6–1.6)</small>
|{{shade|2.7}}<br /><small>(1.5–1.4)</small>
|{{shade|14.0}}<br /><small>(7.9–22.7)</small>
|{{shade|0.7}}<br /><small>(0.4–1.1)</small>
|-
! Total
|{{shade|0.001}}<br /><small>(<0.001–0.002)</small>
|{{shade|0.005}}<br /><small>(0.003–0.01)</small>
|{{shade|0.02}}<br /><small>(0.01–0.03)</small>
|{{shade|0.05}}<br /><small>(0.03–0.08)</small>
|{{shade|0.2}}<br /><small>(0.1–0.3)</small>
|{{shade|0.7}}<br /><small>(0.4–1.2)</small>
|{{shade|1.9}}<br /><small>(1.1–3.2)</small>
|{{shade|8.3}}<br /><small>(4.7–13.5)</small>
|{{shade|0.5}}<br /><small>(0.3–0.9)</small>
|-
|colspan=10| Numbers in parentheses are 95% [[credible interval]]s for the estimates.
|}

COVID‑19 [[case fatality rate]]s are higher among men than women in most countries. However, in a few countries like India, Nepal, Vietnam, and Slovenia the fatality cases are higher in women than men.<ref name="Dehingia-2021" /> Globally, men are more likely to be admitted to the [[Intensive care unit|ICU]] and more likely to die.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web|| vauthors = McIntosh K |title=Covid 19 Clinical Features|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-clinical-features|access-date=12 May 2021|website=[[UpToDate]]|publication-date=April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Peckham H, de Gruijter NM, Raine C, Radziszewska A, Ciurtin C, Wedderburn LR, Rosser EC, Webb K, Deakin CT  | title = Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 6317 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33298944 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6 | pmc = 7726563 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.6317P }}</ref> One meta-analysis found that globally, men were more likely to get COVID‑19 than women; there were approximately 55 men and 45 women per 100 infections ([[Confidence interval|CI]]: 51.43–56.58).<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Abate BB, Kassie AM, Kassaw MW, Aragie TG, Masresha SA | title = Sex difference in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = e040129 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33028563 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040129 | pmc = 7539579 }}</ref>

The [[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention]] reported the death rate was 2.8% for men and 1.7% for women.<ref name="Epidemiology17Feb2020"/> Later reviews in June 2020 indicated that there is no significant difference in susceptibility or in CFR between genders.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Hu Y, Sun J, Dai Z, Deng H, Li X, Huang Q, Wu Y, Sun L, Xu Y  | title = Prevalence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Clinical Virology | volume = 127 | pages = 104371 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32315817 | pmc = 7195434 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104371 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Fu L, Wang B, Yuan T, Chen X, Ao Y, Fitzpatrick T, Li P, Zhou Y, Lin YF, Duan Q, Luo G, Fan S, Lu Y, Feng A, Zhan Y, Liang B, Cai W, Zhang L, Du X, Li L, Shu Y, Zou H  | title = Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Journal of Infection | volume = 80 | issue = 6 | pages = 656–665 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32283155 | pmc = 7151416 | doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041 }}</ref> One review acknowledges the different mortality rates in Chinese men, suggesting that it may be attributable to lifestyle choices such as smoking and drinking alcohol rather than genetic factors.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S | title = COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review | journal = Clinical Immunology | volume = 215 | pages = 108427 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32325252 | pmc = 7169933 | doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427 | s2cid = 216028003 }}</ref> Smoking, which in some countries like China is mainly a male activity, is a habit that contributes to increasing significantly the case fatality rates among men.<ref name="Dehingia-2021" /> Sex-based immunological differences, lesser prevalence of smoking in women and men developing co-morbid conditions such as hypertension at a younger age than women could have contributed to the higher mortality in men.<ref name="nyt-italy">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Rabin RC | title = In Italy, Coronavirus Takes a Higher Toll on Men |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/health/coronavirus-italy-men-risk.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320214013/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/health/coronavirus-italy-men-risk.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=20 March 2020}}</ref> In Europe as of February 2020, 57% of the infected people were men and 72% of those died with COVID‑19 were men.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=COVID-19 weekly surveillance report |url=https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/weekly-surveillance-report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315074508/https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/weekly-surveillance-report |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2020 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> As of April 2020, the US government is not tracking sex-related data of COVID‑19 infections.<ref name="nytimesus">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Gupta AH | title = Does Covid-19 Hit Women and Men Differently? U.S. Isn't Keeping Track |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/us/coronavirus-male-female-data-bias.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403135013/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/us/coronavirus-male-female-data-bias.html |archive-date=3 April 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Research has shown that viral illnesses like Ebola, HIV, influenza and SARS affect men and women differently.<ref name="nytimesus" />