Ku Klux Klan

==Outside the United States and Canada==
Aside from the Ku Klux Klan in Canada, there have been various attempts to organize KKK chapters outside the United States in places such as: Asia, Europe and Oceania, with negligible results.{{sfn|Chalmers|1987|p=319}}

=== Africa ===
In [[apartheid]] [[South Africa]] in the 1960s, some far-right activists copied KKK actions, for example by writing "Ku Klux Klan Africa" on the [[ANC]] [[Cape Town]] offices or by wearing their costumes. In response, American Klan leader Terry Venable attempted to establish a branch at [[Rhodes University]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Kyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JhVDwAAQBAJ&dq=kkk+rhodesia&pg=PA53 |title=Revolutionaries for the Right: Anticommunist Internationalism and Paramilitary Warfare in the Cold War |date=2018 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-1469640747 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1970s, [[Rhodesia]] had a Ku Klux Klan, led by [[Len Idensohn]], attacking [[Ian Smith]] for his perceived moderation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapungu |first=Leonard T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR91AAAAMAAJ&q=%2522ku+klux+klan%2522+rhodesia |title=Rhodesia: The Struggle for Freedom |date=1974 |publisher=Orbis Books |isbn=978-0883444351 |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Caute |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2V0AAAAMAAJ&q=%2522Len+Idensohn%2522+rhodesia+klan |title=Under the Skin: The Death of White Rhodesia |date=1983 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0713913576 |page=211 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Americas ===
In Mexico, the KKK endorsed and funded the Calles government during the 1920s [[Cristero War]] with the intention of destroying Catholicism there.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Jean A.|title=La Cristiada: the Mexican people's war for religious liberty|date=2013|publisher=Square One Publishers|isbn=978-0757003158|oclc=298184204}}</ref> On 1924 vigilantes claimed to have organized themselves into a Klan against "criminals", publishing a program of "social epuration".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-05 |title=El día que llegó el Ku Klux Klan a México |language=es |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/el-dia-que-llego-el-ku-klux-klan-mexico |access-date=2022-06-18 |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618211033/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/el-dia-que-llego-el-ku-klux-klan-mexico |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[São Paulo]], Brazil, the website of a group called Imperial Klans of Brazil was shut down in 2003, and the group's leader was arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI158042-EI306,00-Jovem+ligado+a+Ku+Klux+Klan+e+detido+em+Sao+Paulo.html|title=Jovem ligado Ku Klux Klan detido em So Paulo|access-date=March 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311210858/http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI158042-EI306,00-Jovem+ligado+a+Ku+Klux+Klan+e+detido+em+Sao+Paulo.html|archive-date=March 11, 2014 |url-status=live|language=pt-BR}}</ref>

The Klan has also been established in the [[Canal Zone]].{{sfn|Chalmers|1987|p=319}}

Klan was present in [[Cuba]], under the name of Ku Klux Klan Kubano, directed against both West Indian migrant workers and [[Afro-Cuban]] and using the fear of the 1912 [[Negro Rebellion]].{{sfn|Chalmers|1987|p=319}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Perez |first1=Louis A. Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IWzZM0I4QgC&dq=%2522ku+klux+klan%2522+cuba&pg=PA55 |title=Cuban Studies 40 |last2=Stoner |first2=K. Lynn |last3=Perez |first3=Gladys Marel Garcia |last4=Chapa |first4=Teresa |last5=Hynson |first5=Rachel M. |date=2010-01-31 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0822978480 |page=55 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Asia ===

During the [[Vietnam War]], klaverns were established on some US military bases, often tolerated by military authorities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Westheider |first=James E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQl4AAAAQBAJ&dq=vietnam+klaverns&pg=PA85 |title=The African American Experience in Vietnam: Brothers in Arms |date=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-0742569515 |page=85 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=John H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSluDQAAQBAJ&dq=vietnam+klaverns&pg=PA26 |title=Vietnam, PTSD, USMC, Black-Americans and Me |date=2016 |publisher=Dorrance Publishing |isbn=978-1480972001 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1920s, the Klan briefly existed in [[Shanghai]].{{sfn|Chalmers|1987|p=319}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p6GAAAAIAAJ&q=%2522Ku+Klux+Klan%2522+shanghai |title=Pacific Affairs |publisher=University of British Columbia |year=1992 |page=557 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Europe ===

Recruitment activity has also been reported in the United Kingdom. In the 1960s, "klaverns" were established in the [[Midlands]], the following decade saw visits by leading Klansmen, and the 1990s saw recruitment drives in London, Scotland and the Midlands and huge internal turmoil and splintering: for example a leader, Allan Beshella, had to resign after a 1972 conviction for child sex abuse was revealed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramdin |first=Ron |title=The Making of the Black Working Class in Britain |year=2017 |page=216}}</ref><ref name="SPLC1998_UK">{{Cite magazine |date=March 15, 1998 |title=The Klan Overseas |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/1998/klan-overseas |magazine=Intelligence Report |language=en |access-date=2022-06-18 |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618211006/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/1998/klan-overseas |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, Klan-clad far-right activists marched in front of a [[Northern Ireland|Northern Irish]] [[mosque]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-04 |title=KKK garb on Northern Irish streets – then a swift display of unity |language=en |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/04/northen-ireland-halloween-hate-crime |access-date=2022-06-18 |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618211031/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/04/northen-ireland-halloween-hate-crime |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Germany, a KKK-related group, ''[[w:de:Ritter des Feurigen Kreuzes|Ritter des Feurigen Kreuzes]]'' ("Knights of the Fiery Cross"), was established in 1925 by returning naturalized German-born US citizens in Berlin who managed to gather around 300 persons of middle-class occupations such as merchants and clerks. It soon saw the original founders being removed by internal conflicts, and mocking newspapers about the affair. After the Nazis took over Germany, the group disbanded and its members joined the Nazis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de/node/8756|title=Orden der Ritter vom feurigen Kreuz|website=politische-bildung-brandenburg.de|language=de}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{sfn|Chalmers|1987|p=319}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagel |first=Irmela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0QOvMkBfVXsC&q=%2522Ritter+des+Feurigen+Kreuzes%2522+klan |title=Fememorde und Fememordprozesse in der Weimarer Republik |date=1991 |publisher=Böhlau |isbn=978-3412062903 |language=de}}</ref> On 1991, Dennis Mahon, then of Oklahoma's White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, reportedly helped to organize Klan groups.<ref name="SPLC1998_UK" /> Another German KKK-related group, the European White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, has organized and it gained notoriety in 2012 when the German media reported that two police officers who held membership in the organization would be allowed to keep their jobs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-police-kept-jobs-despite-ku-klux-klan-involvement-a-847831.html |title=German Police Kept Jobs Despite KKK Involvement |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=August 2, 2012 |first=Florian |last=Gathmann |access-date=August 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904131955/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-police-kept-jobs-despite-ku-klux-klan-involvement-a-847831.html |archive-date=September 4, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/369733/20120802/ku-klux-klan-nsu-germany-neo-nazi.htm |title=Ku Klux Klan: German Police Officers Allowed to Stay on Job Despite Links with European Branch of White Supremacists |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=July 2, 2014 |access-date=August 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825011129/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/369733/20120802/ku-klux-klan-nsu-germany-neo-nazi.htm |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the German authorities conducted raids against a possibly dangerous group called National Socialist Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Deutschland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/ku-klux-klan-europe-germany-nazism-3e21cd103e61428897282531b850e094|title=German police raid far-right group members, find weapons|publisher=AP News|date=April 30, 2021|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-date=December 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209000903/https://apnews.com/article/ku-klux-klan-europe-germany-nazism-3e21cd103e61428897282531b850e094|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-police-raid-suspected-kkk-members-homes/a-47113523|title=German police raid suspected KKK members' homes|work=Deutsche Welle|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-date=December 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209000904/https://www.dw.com/en/german-police-raid-suspected-kkk-members-homes/a-47113523|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://staatsanwaltschaft-stuttgart.justiz-bw.de/pb/,Lde/Startseite/Presse/Durchsuchung+Ku-Klux-Klan/?LISTPAGE=5675643|title=Bundesweite Durchsuchungen bei mutmaßlichen Mitgliedern der Gruppierung "National Socialist Knights of the Ku-Klux-Klan Deutschland"|work=Staatsanwanltschaft Stuttgart (in German)|date=January 16, 2019|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-date=December 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209001355/https://staatsanwaltschaft-stuttgart.justiz-bw.de/pb/,Lde/Startseite/Presse/Durchsuchung+Ku-Klux-Klan/?LISTPAGE=5675643|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2001, David Duke came to Moscow to network with local anti-Semitic Russian nationalists. Duke said that Russia was "the key to white survival" and blamed most of the events of the 20th century Russian history on the Jews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniszewski |first=John |date=2001-01-06 |title=Ex-Klansman David Duke Sets Sights on Russian Anti-Semites |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-06-mn-9088-story.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213193104/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-06-mn-9088-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-02-02 |title=David Duke, To Russia With Hate - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/david-duke-to-russia-with-hate/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122042004/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/david-duke-to-russia-with-hate/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1920s, the Klan was rumoured to exist in [[Lithuania]] and [[Czechoslovakia]].{{sfn|Chalmers|1987|p=319}}

=== Oceania ===

In Australia in the late 1990s, former [[One Nation (Australia)|One Nation]] member Peter Coleman established branches throughout the country,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/358783.stm|title=Ku Klux Klan sets up Australian branch|date=June 2, 1999|work=BBC News|access-date=July 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214423/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/358783.stm|archive-date=October 4, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ansley|first=Greg|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=7865|title=Dark mystique of the KKK|date=June 5, 1999|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=July 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214155130/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=7865|archive-date=February 14, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and circa 2012 the KKK has attempted to infiltrate other political parties such as [[Australia First Party|Australia First]].<ref name="smh">{{cite news|last=Jensen|first=Erik|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/we-have-infiltrated-party-kkk-20090709-der4.html|title=We have infiltrated party: KKK|date=July 10, 2009|newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=July 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426025511/http://www.smh.com.au/national/we-have-infiltrated-party-kkk-20090709-der4.html|archive-date=April 26, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Branches of the Klan have previously existed in [[New South Wales]]<ref name="smh"/> and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]],<ref name="smh"/> as well as allegedly in [[Queensland]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nationalunitygovernment.org/content/killing-raises-ku-klux-klan-link-queensland | title=Killing raises Ku Klux Klan link in Queensland &#124; Sovereign Union - First Nations Asserting Sovereignty | access-date=February 14, 2023 | archive-date=February 14, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214054925/http://nationalunitygovernment.org/content/killing-raises-ku-klux-klan-link-queensland | url-status=live }}</ref> Unlike in the United States, the Australian branches did not require members to be Christian, but did require them to be white.<ref name="smh"/>

A Ku Klux Klan group was established in [[Fiji]] in 1874 by white American and British settlers wanting to enact White supremacy, although its operations were quickly put to an end by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] who, although not officially yet established as the major authority of Fiji, had played a leading role in establishing a new constitutional monarchy, the [[Kingdom of Fiji]], that was being threatened by the activities of the Fijian Klan, which owned fortresses and artillery. By March, it had become the "British Subjects' Mutual Protection Society", which included [[Francis Herbert Dufty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gravelle |first=Kim |title=Fiji's Times: A History of Fiji |publisher=Suva: The Fiji Times |year=1988 |pages=120–124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4U9Pg1K9hIC&q=Klan |title=The Federation Movement in Fiji, 1880–1902 |date=2008 |isbn=978-1440102158 |page=7 |publisher=iUniverse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2020 |title=Discovering Fiji: Cakobau and the Ku Klux Klan |language=en |url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/discovering-fiji-cakobau-and-the-ku-klux-klan/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |archive-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027175021/https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/discovering-fiji-cakobau-and-the-ku-klux-klan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=van Dijk |first=Kees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnAyBwAAQBAJ&q=%2522British%2520Subjects%27%2520Mutual%2520Protection%2520Society%2522%2520klan&pg=PA69 |title=Pacific Strife: the great powers and their political and economic rivalries in Asia and the Western Pacific, 1870–1914 |date=2015-03-14 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-9048516193 |page=69 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1920s, the Klan had been rumoured to exist in [[New Zealand]].{{sfn|Chalmers|1987|p=319}}