COVID-19 pandemic

=== Travel restrictions ===
{{Main|Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}

The pandemic led many countries and regions to impose quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions, either for citizens, recent travellers to affected areas,<ref name="20200326nytimes">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html |title=Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe |date=26 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> or for all travellers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Menon |first1=Praveen |title=New Zealand sets date for reopening to tourists after nearly two years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/new-zealand-reopen-foreign-travellers-april-30-2021-11-24/ |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=24 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Travel to Australia during Covid-19: What you need to know before you go |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/australia-travel-covid-19/index.html |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=CNN |date=11 March 2021 }}</ref> Travel collapsed worldwide, damaging the travel sector. The effectiveness of travel restrictions was questioned as the virus spread across the world.<ref name="20200224nationalgeographic">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Nsikan A |title=Coronavirus spikes outside China show travel bans aren't working |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/why-travel-restrictions-are-not-stopping-coronavirus-covid-19/ |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=National Geographic |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> One study found that travel restrictions only modestly affected the initial spread, unless combined with other [[infection prevention and control]] measures.<ref name="DJYtB">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, Pastore Y, Piontti A, Mu K, Rossi L, Sun K, Viboud C, Xiong X, Yu H, Halloran ME, Longini IM, Vespignani A | title = The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak | journal = Science | volume = 368 | issue = 6489 | pages = 395–400 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32144116 | pmc = 7164386 | doi = 10.1126/science.aba9757 | author-link15 = Ira M. Longini, Jr. | author-link16 = Alessandro Vespignani | bibcode = 2020Sci...368..395C }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Kim |first1=Karl E. |title=Ten Takeaways from the COVID-19 Pandemic for Transportation Planners |journal=Transportation Research Record |date=April 2023 |volume=2677 |issue=4 |pages=517–530 |doi=10.1177/03611981221090515 |pmid=37153166 |pmc=10149348 |issn=0361-1981}}</ref> Researchers concluded that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".<ref name="283GD">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=COVID-19: Study shows that travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic |url=https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/news/covid-19-travel-restrictions-study/ |work=Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford |date=25 March 2020}}</ref> The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen free travel zone]].<ref name="dw52497811">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-eu-rules-out-schengen-border-closures-amid-italy-outbreak/a-52497811 |title=Coronavirus: EU rules out Schengen border closures amid Italy outbreak |date=24 February 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref name="20200313euractiv">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Commission chief warns against unilateral virus travel bans |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/commission-chief-warns-against-unilateral-virus-travel-bans/ |work=[[EURACTIV]] |date=13 March 2020}}</ref>