Toronto

== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transportation in Toronto}}
[[File:Toronto Bike Lanes (Sherbourne Street) Bandes cyclables de Toronto (rue Sherbourne) (38301287985).jpg|thumb|A roadway with [[bike lane]]s. A public bus service operated by the [[Toronto Transit Commission]] is visible in the background.]]
Toronto is a central transportation hub for road, rail, and air networks in Southern Ontario. The city has many forms of transport, including [[400-series highways|highways]] and [[public transportation in Toronto|public transit]]. Toronto also has an extensive [[Cycling in Toronto|network of bicycle lanes]] and multi-use trails and paths.

=== Public transportation ===
{{Main|Public transportation in Toronto}}<!--Please do not insert subway map-->
Toronto's primary public transportation system is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC).<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The backbone of its public transport network is the [[Toronto subway]] system, which includes three heavy-rail rapid transit lines spanning the city, including the U-shaped [[Line 1 Yonge–University|Line 1]], east–west [[Line 2 Bloor–Danforth|Line 2]], and the short east–west [[Line 4 Sheppard|Line 4]] with Line 1 extending as far beyond city limits as [[Vaughan Metropolitan Centre]].
[[File:Flexity_Outlook_(Toronto_streetcar);_September_2019.jpg|thumb|A [[Toronto streetcar system|TTC streetcar]] on King Street. The streetcar system is the largest and [[List of North American light rail systems by ridership|busiest system in North America]].]]
The TTC also operates an extensive network of [[Toronto Transit Commission bus system|buses]] and [[Toronto streetcar system|streetcars]], with the latter serving the downtown core and buses serving many parts of the city not served by the sparse subway network. TTC buses and streetcars use the same fare system as the subway, and many subway stations offer a fare-paid area for transfers between rail and surface vehicles.
[[File:TTC Rosedale Station in Toronto - (20180909173532).jpg|thumb|A [[Toronto subway|TTC subway]] for [[Line 1 Yonge–University]] at [[Rosedale station (Toronto)|Rosedale station]]]]
There have been numerous plans to extend the subway and implement light-rail lines, but budgetary concerns have thwarted many efforts. By November 2011, construction on [[Line 5 Eglinton]] began. Line 5 is scheduled to finish construction by 2024.<ref name="CityNews-2023-05-16">{{Cite web |first=Michael |last=Ranger |url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2023/05/16/eglinton-crosstown-metrolinx-ttc-crosslinx/ |title=Eglinton Crosstown won't open until 2024, construction group to take legal action: Metrolinx |website=CityNews |date=May 16, 2023 |access-date=May 16, 2023 |archive-date=May 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163903/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2023/05/16/eglinton-crosstown-metrolinx-ttc-crosslinx/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the Ontario government promised to fund [[Line 6 Finch West]], which is to be completed by 2024. In 2019, the Government of Ontario released a transit plan for the Greater Toronto Area which includes a new {{convert|16|km|adj=on}} [[Ontario Line]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario Line – Projects {{!}} Metrolinx |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/ontario-line.aspx |access-date=July 21, 2020 |website=www.metrolinx.com |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617170215/http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/ontario-line.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Line 1 extension to [[Richmond Hill Centre Terminal|Richmond Hill Centre]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metrolinx: For a Greater Region – Yonge Subway Extension |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/yonge-subway-extension.aspx |access-date=July 21, 2020 |website=www.metrolinx.com |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417165641/http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/yonge-subway-extension.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> a Line 2 extension to Sheppard Avenue / McCowan Road to replace [[Line 3 Scarborough|Line 3]], and an extension for Line 5 Eglinton to Toronto Pearson Airport.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Spurr |first1=Ben |date=April 19, 2018 |title=Finch LRT delayed another year {{!}} The Star |language=en |newspaper=The Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2018/04/19/finch-lrt-delayed-another-year.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904032429/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2018/04/19/finch-lrt-delayed-another-year.html |archive-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eglinton Crosstown West Extension – Projects {{!}} Metrolinx |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/eglinton-crosstown-west.aspx |access-date=July 21, 2020 |website=www.metrolinx.com |archive-date=March 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310090152/http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/eglinton-crosstown-west.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Toronto's century-old [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]] is also getting a major renovation and upgrade which would be able to accommodate more rail traffic from [[GO Transit rail services|GO Transit]], [[Via Rail]], [[Union Pearson Express|UP Express]] and [[Amtrak]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metrolinx: For a Greater Region – Union Station |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/unionstation.aspx |access-date=July 21, 2020 |website=www.metrolinx.com |archive-date=August 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042759/http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/unionstation.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction on a new [[Union Station Bus Terminal]] is also in the works with an expected completion in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metrolinx: For a Greater Region – The new Union Station Bus Terminal |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/unionstation-bus-terminal.aspx |access-date=July 21, 2020 |website=www.metrolinx.com |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721072121/http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/unionstation-bus-terminal.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Toronto's public transit network also connects to other municipal networks such as [[York Region Transit]], [[Viva Rapid Transit|Viva]], [[Durham Region Transit]], [[Brampton Transit]], and [[MiWay]].

The Government of Ontario operates a [[Commuter rail|regional rail]] and bus transit system called [[GO Transit]] in the Greater Toronto Area. GO Transit carries over 250,000 passengers every weekday (2013) and 57&nbsp;million annually, with a majority of them travelling to or from Union Station.<ref name="GO Numbers">{{cite web |title=Info to GO |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/publications/Info%20To%20GO_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306013516/http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/publications/Info%20To%20GO_2011.pdf |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2011 |website=GO Transit}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lewington |first1=Jennifer |last2=McLeod |first2=Lori |date=November 2007 |title=Underground mall in store for Union Station makeover |work=Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/underground-mall-in-store-for-union-station-makeover/article698642/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103221038/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/underground-mall-in-store-for-union-station-makeover/article698642/ |archive-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> [[Metrolinx]] is currently implementing [[GO Transit Regional Express Rail|Regional Express Rail]] into its GO Transit network and plans to electrify many of its rail lines by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metrolinx Regional Express Rail |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/regionalplanning/rer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408080943/http://www.metrolinx.com/en/regionalplanning/rer/ |archive-date=April 8, 2015 |access-date=May 1, 2015 |website=www.metrolinx.com |publisher=Metrolinx}}</ref>
[[File:Skyscrapers by railway station (Unsplash).jpg|thumb|The [[Union Station Rail Corridor]] at [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]]. The corridor is used by [[commuter rail|commuter]] and [[intercity rail]] services.]]

=== Intercity transportation ===
[[Union Station (Toronto)|Toronto Union Station]] serves as a hub for VIA Rail's intercity services in Central Canada and includes services to various parts of Ontario, ''Corridor'' services to Montreal and national capital Ottawa, and long-distance services to Vancouver and New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://torontounion.ca/visit/|title=Visit – Toronto Union Station|website=Torontounion.ca|date=May 16, 2019 |access-date=December 29, 2023|archive-date=December 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230031416/https://torontounion.ca/visit/|url-status=live}}</ref>

GO Transit provides intercity bus services from the Union Station Bus Terminal and other bus terminals in the city to destinations within the Golden Horseshoe. Long-distance [[intercity coach service]]s by multiple companies also operated from the Union Station Bus Terminal and provide a network of services to further cities in Ontario, neighbouring provinces, and the United States. The [[Toronto Coach Terminal]] formerly served as the city's intercity coach hub from 1931 to 2021, when the terminal was decommissioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/toronto-s-bay-street-bus-terminal-reaches-the-end-of-the-line/article_de501ce7-8020-5984-8ed6-64b43addc019.html|website=www.thestar.com|date=June 9, 2021|last=Spurr|first=Ben|title=Toronto's Bay Street bus terminal reaches the end of the line|publisher=Toronto Star Newspaper|access-date=September 24, 2023|archive-date=October 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002101051/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/toronto-s-bay-street-bus-terminal-reaches-the-end-of-the-line/article_de501ce7-8020-5984-8ed6-64b43addc019.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Airports ===
[[File:Pearson International.JPG|thumb|Interior of [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]'s Terminal 1. Toronto Pearson serves as the [[international airport]] for the [[Greater Toronto Area]].]]

Canada's busiest airport, [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: YYZ), straddles the city's western boundary with the suburban city of Mississauga. The Union Pearson Express (UP Express) train service provides a direct link between Pearson International and Union Station. It began carrying passengers in June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.torontopearson.com/en/corporate/who-we-are|title=Who we are|publisher=[[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]|access-date=December 29, 2023|archive-date=December 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230030621/https://www.torontopearson.com/en/corporate/who-we-are|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://simpleflying.com/canada-busiest-passenger-airports/|title=Top 5: A Look At Canada's Busiest Airports By Passenger Traffic|last=Wong|first=Daniel|date=June 13, 2022|website=Simple Flying|access-date=December 29, 2023|archive-date=March 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328141248/http://simpleflying.com/canada-busiest-passenger-airports/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Limited commercial and passenger service to nearby destinations in Canada and the United States is offered from the [[Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport]] (IATA: YTZ) on the Toronto Islands, southwest of downtown. [[Buttonville Municipal Airport]] (IATA: YKZ) in [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]] provides [[general aviation]] facilities. [[Downsview Airport]] (IATA: YZD), near the city's north end, is owned by [[de Havilland Canada]] and serves the [[Bombardier Aviation]] aircraft factory.

Within a few hours' drive, Hamilton's [[John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport|John C. Munro International Airport]] (IATA: YHM) and Buffalo's [[Buffalo Niagara International Airport]] (IATA: BUF) serve as alternate airports for the Toronto area in addition to serving their respective cities. A [[Pickering Airport Lands|secondary international airport]], to be located northeast of Toronto in [[Pickering, Ontario|Pickering]], has been planned by the Government of Canada.

=== Streets and highways ===
[[File:Highway 401 Densification.jpg|thumb|[[Ontario Highway 401|Highway 401]] is a [[400-series highways|400-series highway]] that passes west to east through Greater Toronto. Toronto's portion of Highway 401 is the busiest highway in North America.]]
The grid of major city streets was laid out by a [[concession road]] system, in which major [[arterial road]]s are {{convert|6600|ft|km|1|abbr=on}} apart (with some exceptions, particularly in Scarborough and Etobicoke, as they used a different survey). Major east-west arterial roads are generally parallel with the Lake Ontario shoreline, and major north–south arterial roads are roughly perpendicular to the shoreline, though slightly angled north of Eglinton Avenue. This arrangement is sometimes broken by geographical accidents, most notably the Don River ravines. Toronto's grid north is approximately 18.5° to the west of true north. Many arterials, particularly north–south ones, due to the city originally being within the former [[York County, Ontario|York County]], continue beyond the city into the [[Area code 905|905 suburbs]] and further into the rural countryside.

There are several municipal [[limited-access road|expressways]] and [[Ontario Provincial Highway Network|provincial highways]] that serve Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area. In particular, [[Ontario Highway 401|Highway 401]] bisects the city from west to east, bypassing the downtown core. It is the busiest road in North America,<ref name="fhwa">{{cite report |url=http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/pubs/pl07027/llcp_07_02.cfm |title=Long-Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada |last=Maier |first=Hanna |date=October 9, 2007 |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |quote=The key high-volume highways in Ontario are the 400-series highways in the southern part of the province. The most important of these is the 401, the busiest highway in North America, with an average annual daily traffic (AADT) of more than 425,000 vehicles in 2004, and daily traffic sometimes exceeding 500,000. |access-date=May 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527124628/http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/pubs/pl07027/llcp_07_02.cfm |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |url-status=live |website=fhwa.dot.gov |section=Chapter 2}}</ref>
and one of the busiest highways in the world.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 6, 2002 |title=Ontario government investing $401&nbsp;million to upgrade Highway 401 |url=http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2002/08/06/c0057.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914064434/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2002/08/06/c0057.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |archive-date=September 14, 2007 |access-date=March 18, 2007 |website=ogov.newswire.ca |publisher=[[Ministry of Transportation of Ontario|Ontario Ministry of Transportation]] |quote=Highway 401 is one of the busiest highways in the world and represents a vital link in Ontario's transportation infrastructure, carrying more than 400,000 vehicles per day through Toronto.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Brian Gray |date=April 10, 2004 |title=GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401 – North America's Busiest Freeway |newspaper=[[Toronto Sun]], transcribed at Urban Planet |url=http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=3459 |url-status=live |access-date=March 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227131438/http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=3459 |archive-date=December 27, 2009 |quote=The "phenomenal" number of vehicles on Hwy. 401 as it cuts through Toronto makes it the busiest freeway in the world...}}</ref> Other provincial highways include [[Ontario Highway 400|Highway 400]], which connects the city with Northern Ontario and beyond and [[Ontario Highway 404|Highway 404]], an extension of the [[Don Valley Parkway]] into the northern suburbs. The [[Queen Elizabeth Way]] (QEW), North America's first divided intercity highway, terminates at Toronto's western boundary and connects Toronto to [[Niagara Falls]] and [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]. The main municipal expressways in Toronto include the [[Gardiner Expressway]], the Don Valley Parkway, and, to some extent, [[Allen Road]]. Toronto's traffic congestion is one of the highest in North America, and is the second highest in Canada after Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web |title=TomTom Congestion Index: North America |url=https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/list?citySize=LARGE&continent=NA&country=ALL |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616060403/https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/list?citySize=LARGE&continent=NA&country=ALL |archive-date=June 16, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2017 |website=tomtom.com}}</ref>