Nigeria

=== Human rights ===
{{main|Human rights in Nigeria|LGBT rights in Nigeria}}
[[File:Protesters at the endSARS protest in Lagos, Nigeria 19.jpg|thumb|[[End SARS]] is a decentralised social movement and series of mass protests against [[police brutality]] in Nigeria.]]
Nigeria's human rights record remains poor.<ref name="StateDeptHumanRights2">{{cite web|date=25 February 2009|title=2008 Human Rights Report: Nigeria|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175315/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm|archive-date=26 February 2009|access-date=20 March 2009|work=2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|publisher=United States, Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}</ref> According to the U.S. Department of State,<ref name="StateDeptHumanRights2" /> the most significant human rights problems are the use of excessive force by security forces, impunity for abuses by security forces, arbitrary arrests, prolonged pretrial detention, judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary, rape, torture and other cruel, [[inhuman or degrading treatment]] of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions; human trafficking for prostitution and forced labour, societal violence and vigilante killings, [[Child labour in Nigeria|child labour]], child abuse and [[Child sexual abuse in Nigeria|child sexual exploitation]], [[Domestic violence in Nigeria|domestic violence]], discrimination based on ethnicity, region and religion.

Nigeria is a state party of the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]]<ref>{{cite web|title=OHCHR &#124; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/cedaw/pages/cedawindex.aspx|website=ohchr.org}}</ref> It also has signed the [[Maputo Protocol]], an international treaty on women's rights, and the African Union Women's Rights Framework.<ref>{{cite news|date=17 March 2017|title=Failure to pass equality bill betrays Nigerian women, activists say|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-women-lawmaking-idUSKCN0WJ2L4|newspaper=Reuters|last1=Guilbert|first1=Kieran}}</ref> Discrimination based on sex is a significant human rights issue. Forced marriages are common.<ref>{{cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Refworld – Nigeria: Prevalence of forced marriage, particularly in Muslim and Yoruba communities; information on legislation, including state protection; ability of women to refuse a forced marriage|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/50b4ab202.html}}</ref> [[Child marriage in Nigeria|Child marriage]] remains common in Northern Nigeria;<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria's child brides: 'I thought being in labour would never end'|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/sep/02/nigeria-child-brides-religion |last=Mark |first=Monica |date=2 September 2013 |access-date=21 June 2021 }}</ref> 39% of girls are married before age 15, although the Marriage Rights Act banning marriage of girls under 18 was introduced on a federal level in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clarke|first=Joe Sandler|date=11 March 2015|title=Nigeria: Child brides facing death sentences a decade after child marriage prohibited|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/11/the-tragedy-of-nigerias-child-brides|work=The Guardian}}</ref> There is rampant [[Polygamy in Nigeria|polygamy in Northern Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shoneyin|first=Lola|author-link=Lola Shoneyin|date=19 March 2010|title=Polygamy? No thanks|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/20/polygamy-nigeria-abuja-tradition|work=The Guardian |access-date=21 June 2021 }}</ref> [[Domestic violence in Nigeria|Domestic violence is common]]. Women have fewer land rights.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Bioye Tajudeen |last1=Aluko |first2=Abdul–Rasheed |last2=Amidu |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/accra/papers/ts09/ts09_04_aluko_amidu.pdf |title=Women and Land Rights Reforms in Nigeria |date=2006 |publisher=5th FIG Regional Conference |access-date=21 June 2021 }}</ref> [[Maternal death|Maternal mortality]] was at 814 per 100,000 live births in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) &#124; Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> [[Female genital mutilation in Nigeria|Female genital mutilation is common]], although a ban was implemented in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last=Topping|first=Alexandra|date=29 May 2015|title=Nigeria's female genital mutilation ban is important precedent, say campaigners|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners|work=The Guardian}}</ref> At least half a million suffer from [[Urogenital fistula|vaginal fistula]], largely as a result of lack of medical care.<ref>{{cite web|title=In Nigeria, neglected women bear the shame of fistulas|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/11/in-nigeria-neglected-women-bear-the-shame-of-fistulas.html|website=america.aljazeera.com |last=Oduah |first=Chika |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=6 March 2002|title=The Dutch doctor and the river spirit|url=http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-dutch-doctor-and-the-river-spirit/ |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |access-date=21 June 2021 }}</ref>

[[Gender inequality in Nigeria|Women face a large amount of inequality]] politically in Nigeria, being subjugated to a bias that is [[Sexism|sexist]] and reinforced by socio-cultural, economic and oppressive ways.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ajayi|first=Kunle|date=2007|title=Gender Self-Endangering: The Sexist Issue in Nigerian Politics|journal=The Social Science Journal|volume=14|pages=137–147|via=Department of Political Science, University of Ado}}</ref> Women throughout the country were only politically [[Emancipation|emancipated]] in 1979.<ref>Epiphany Azinge, "The Right to Vote in Nigeria: A Critical Commentary on the Open Ballot System," ''Journal of African Law'', Vol. 38, No. 2 (1994), pp. 173–180.</ref> Yet husbands continue to dictate the votes for many women, which upholds the patriarchal system.<ref name="Ajayi, Kunle 200723">{{cite journal |last=Ajayi |first=Kunle |date=2007 |title=Gender Self-Endangering: The Sexist Issue in Nigerian Politics |journal=The Social Science Journal |volume=14 |number=137–147 &#x2013 |via=Department of Political Science, University of Ado}}</ref> Most workers in the [[Informal economy|informal sector]] are women.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fapohunda|first=Tinuke M|date=1 January 2012|title=Women and the Informal Sector in Nigeria: Implications for Development|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258344067 |journal=British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences |issn=2046-9578 |volume=4 |number=1}}</ref> Women's representation in government since independence from Britain is very poor. Women have been reduced to sideline roles in appointive posts throughout all levels of government and still make up a tiny minority of elected officials.<ref name="Ajayi, Kunle 200723" /> But nowadays with more education available to the public, Nigerian women are taking steps to have more active roles in the public, and with the help of different initiatives, more businesses are being started by women.

Under the [[Sharia in Nigeria|Shari'a]] penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offences such as alcohol consumption, [[LGBT rights in Nigeria|homosexuality]],<ref>{{cite news|date=16 June 2016|title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|newspaper=The Washington Post |last1=Bearak |first1=Max |last2=Cameron |first2=Darla |access-date=21 June 2021 }}</ref> infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences, including amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms.<ref name="UKtravel2">{{cite web|date=20 March 2009|title=Sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&pg=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524133652/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&pg=3|archive-date=24 May 2011|access-date=20 March 2009|work=Travel advice by country|publisher=United Kingdom, Foreign & Commonwealth Office}}</ref> Nigeria is considered to be one of the most [[Homophobia|homophobic]] countries in the world.<ref name="pewglobal.org2">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/ |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |work=pewglobal |date=4 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Country policy and information note: sexual orientation and gender identity or expression, Nigeria, February 2022 (accessible version) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nigeria-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-or-expression-nigeria-february-2022-accessible-version#general-treatment-by-state-and-non-state-actors |website=Gov.uk |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hansford |first1=Amelia |title=More than 60 people remanded in jail for attending alleged gay wedding in Nigeria |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/09/05/nigeria-alleged-gay-wedding/ |website=PinkNews |date=5 September 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> In the 23 years up to September 2022, university workers in Nigeria went on strike 17 times, for a total of 57 months.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spooner |first1=Moina |last2=Oluwagbile |first2=Segun |title=Nigeria's endless lecturer strikes: insights from some essential reads |url=http://theconversation.com/nigerias-endless-lecturer-strikes-insights-from-some-essential-reads-190805 |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=The Conversation|date=18 September 2022 }}</ref> As a result, the 2022 summer semester was cancelled nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2022-09-06 |title=Nigeria: students abandoned as teachers' strike drags on |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/06/nigeria-students-abandoned-as-teachers-strike-drags-on/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Africanews}}</ref>