Feminism

=== Civil rights ===

[[File:CEDAW Participation.svg|thumb|upright=2|Participation in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. {{legend|#00aa00|Signed and ratified}}{{legend|#008000|Acceded or succeeded}}{{legend|#008080|Unrecognized state, abiding by treaty}}{{legend|#eeee00|Only signed}}{{legend|#ff1111|Non-signatory}}]]
From the 1960s on, the campaign for women's rights<ref name="quarterly">{{Cite book |author=Lockwood, Bert B. |title=Women's Rights: A Human Rights Quarterly Reader |year=2006 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8374-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/womensrightshuma0000unse }}</ref> was met with mixed results<ref>{{cite web |author-link=Jo Freeman |last=Freeman |first=Jo |url=http://www.jofreeman.com/feminism/suffrage.htm |title=From Suffrage to Women's Liberation: Feminism in Twentieth Century America}}</ref> in the U.S. and the U.K. Other countries of the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] agreed to ensure that discriminatory laws would be phased out across the European Community.

Some feminist campaigning also helped reform attitudes to [[child sexual abuse]]. The view that young girls cause men to have sexual intercourse with them was replaced by that of men's responsibility for their own conduct, the men being adults.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rush |first=Florence |author-link=Florence Rush |year=1988 |title=The Best Kept Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children |publisher=Prentice-Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs |isbn=978-0-07-054223-5}}</ref>

In the U.S., the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) began in 1966 to seek women's equality, including through the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] (ERA),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://now.org/about/history/statement-of-purpose/|title=Statement of Purpose |newspaper=National Organization for Women |date=October 29, 1966 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202154147/https://now.org/about/history/statement-of-purpose/ |archive-date= Dec 2, 2023 }}</ref> which did not pass, although [[Equal Rights Amendment#State constitutions|some states enacted their own]]. Reproductive rights in the U.S. centred on the court decision in [[Roe v. Wade|''Roe'' v. ''Wade'']] enunciating a woman's right to choose whether to carry a pregnancy to term.

The [[division of labor|division of labour]] within households was affected by the increased entry of women into workplaces in the 20th century. Sociologist [[Arlie Russell Hochschild]] found that, in two-career couples, men and women, on average, spend about equal amounts of time working, but women still spend more time on housework,<ref name="Hochschild1">{{Cite book |author=Hochschild, Arlie Russell |author2=Machung, Anne |title=The Second Shift |year=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-14-200292-6 }}</ref><ref name="Hochschild2">{{Cite book|author=Hochschild, Arlie Russell |title=The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work |year=2001 |publisher=Henry Holt & Co. |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8050-6643-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/timebind00arli_0 }}</ref> although [[Cathy Young]] responded by arguing that women may prevent equal participation by men in housework and parenting.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/2000/06/12/gatekeeping/|title=The Mama Lion at the Gate |access-date=17 December 2015 |work=Salon.com |author=Young, Cathy |author-link=Cathy Young|date=12 June 2000 }}</ref> Judith K. Brown writes, "Women are most likely to make a substantial contribution when subsistence activities have the following characteristics: the participant is not obliged to be far from home; the tasks are relatively monotonous and do not require rapt concentration and the work is not dangerous, can be performed in spite of interruptions, and is easily resumed once interrupted."<ref>{{cite journal | first = Judith K. | last = Brown | title = A Note on the Division of Labor by Sex | date = October 1970 | volume = 72 | issue = 5 | pages = 1073–78 | journal = [[American Anthropologist]] | doi=10.1525/aa.1970.72.5.02a00070| doi-access =  }}</ref>

In international law, the ''[[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]]'' (CEDAW) is an international convention adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] and described as an international [[bill of rights]] for women. It came into force in those nations ratifying it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CEDAW.aspx|title=Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York, 18 December 1979 |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=31 March 2013}}</ref>
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