COVID-19 pandemic

== Restrictions ==
{{Further|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic|International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
[[File:China COVID19 test kit PH donation 8.jpg|thumb|Donated medical supplies received in the Philippines|alt=Workers unloading boxes of medical supplies at Villamor Air Base.]]
The pandemic shook the world's economy, with especially severe economic damage in the United States, Europe and Latin America.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.imf.org/en/About/FAQ/imf-response-to-covid-19|title=The IMF's Response to COVID-19|author=IMF}}</ref><ref name="Effect of COVID-19 on food security">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Kakaei |first1=Hojatollah |last2=Nourmoradi |first2=Heshmatollah |last3=Bakhtiyari |first3=Salar |last4=Jalilian |first4=Mohsen |last5=Mirzaei |first5=Amin |title=Effect of COVID-19 on food security, hunger, and food crisis |journal=COVID-19 and the Sustainable Development Goals |date=2022 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-91307-2.00005-5 |pmc=9335023 |isbn=9780323913072 }}</ref> A consensus report by American intelligence agencies in April 2021 concluded, "Efforts to contain and manage the virus have reinforced nationalist trends globally, as some states turned inward to protect their citizens and sometimes cast blame on marginalized groups." COVID-19 inflamed partisanship and polarisation around the world as bitter arguments exploded over how to respond. International trade was disrupted amid the formation of no-entry enclaves.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Barnes JE | title=U.S. Intelligence Report Warns of Global Consequences of Social Fragmentation | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=8 April 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/us/politics/intelligence-global-trends-report-pandemic.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/us/politics/intelligence-global-trends-report-pandemic.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited | access-date=8 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Travel restrictions ===
{{Main|Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}

The pandemic led many countries and regions to impose quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions, either for citizens, recent travellers to affected areas,<ref name="20200326nytimes">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html |title=Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe |date=26 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> or for all travellers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Menon |first1=Praveen |title=New Zealand sets date for reopening to tourists after nearly two years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/new-zealand-reopen-foreign-travellers-april-30-2021-11-24/ |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=24 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Travel to Australia during Covid-19: What you need to know before you go |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/australia-travel-covid-19/index.html |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=CNN |date=11 March 2021 }}</ref> Travel collapsed worldwide, damaging the travel sector. The effectiveness of travel restrictions was questioned as the virus spread across the world.<ref name="20200224nationalgeographic">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Nsikan A |title=Coronavirus spikes outside China show travel bans aren't working |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/why-travel-restrictions-are-not-stopping-coronavirus-covid-19/ |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=National Geographic |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> One study found that travel restrictions only modestly affected the initial spread, unless combined with other [[infection prevention and control]] measures.<ref name="DJYtB">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, Pastore Y, Piontti A, Mu K, Rossi L, Sun K, Viboud C, Xiong X, Yu H, Halloran ME, Longini IM, Vespignani A | title = The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak | journal = Science | volume = 368 | issue = 6489 | pages = 395–400 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32144116 | pmc = 7164386 | doi = 10.1126/science.aba9757 | author-link15 = Ira M. Longini, Jr. | author-link16 = Alessandro Vespignani | bibcode = 2020Sci...368..395C }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Kim |first1=Karl E. |title=Ten Takeaways from the COVID-19 Pandemic for Transportation Planners |journal=Transportation Research Record |date=April 2023 |volume=2677 |issue=4 |pages=517–530 |doi=10.1177/03611981221090515 |pmid=37153166 |pmc=10149348 |issn=0361-1981}}</ref> Researchers concluded that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".<ref name="283GD">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=COVID-19: Study shows that travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic |url=https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/news/covid-19-travel-restrictions-study/ |work=Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford |date=25 March 2020}}</ref> The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen free travel zone]].<ref name="dw52497811">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-eu-rules-out-schengen-border-closures-amid-italy-outbreak/a-52497811 |title=Coronavirus: EU rules out Schengen border closures amid Italy outbreak |date=24 February 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref name="20200313euractiv">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Commission chief warns against unilateral virus travel bans |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/commission-chief-warns-against-unilateral-virus-travel-bans/ |work=[[EURACTIV]] |date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Repatriation of foreign citizens ===
{{Main|Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
[[File:Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian and foreign citizens from Wuhan 16.jpg|thumb|Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian citizens from [[Wuhan]], China.]]
Several countries repatriated their citizens and diplomatic staff from Wuhan and surrounding areas, primarily through [[Air charter|charter flights]]. Canada, the United States, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina, Germany and Thailand were among the first to do so.<ref name="AutoDW-169" /> Brazil and New Zealand evacuated their own nationals and others.<ref name="AutoDW-171" /><ref name="6l9jG" /> On 14 March, South Africa repatriated 112 South Africans who tested negative, while four who showed symptoms were left behind.<ref name="auto3">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/repatriated-citizens-be-reunited-families |title=Repatriated citizens to be reunited with families |website=SANews.gov.zanews24.com |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> Pakistan declined to evacuate its citizens.<ref name="20200131dialoguepakistan" />

On 15 February, the US announced it would evacuate Americans aboard the [[Diamond Princess outbreak|''Diamond Princess'']] cruise ship,<ref name="AutoDW-174" /> and on 21 February, Canada evacuated 129 Canadians from the ship.<ref name="AutoDW-175" /> In early March, the Indian government began repatriating its citizens from Iran.<ref name="czjOG" /><ref name="indiatimes74647353">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/4th-batch-of-53-indians-evacuated-from-iran-s-jaishankar/articleshow/74647353.cms |title=4th batch of 53 Indians evacuated from Iran: S Jaishankar |date=16 March 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> On 20 March, the United States began to withdraw some troops from Iraq.<ref name="USWithdraw">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/488618-us-led-coalition-in-iraq-drawing-down-over-coronavirus-concerns |title=US-led coalition in Iraq drawing down over coronavirus concerns |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=20 March 2020 | vauthors = Kheel R |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
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