Egypt Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Education === {{Main|Education in Egypt}} [[File:CairoUniv.jpg|thumb|[[Cairo University]]]] [[File:UIS Literacy Rate Egypt population plus15 1980 2015.png|thumb|Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics]] The illiteracy rate has decreased since 1996 from 39.4 to 25.9 percent in 2013. The adult literacy rate {{as of|2014|July|lc=y}} was estimated at 73.9%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/egypt/literacy.html|title=Egypt Literacy|work=indexmundi.com|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913073546/http://www.indexmundi.com/egypt/literacy.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The illiteracy rate is highest among those over 60 years of age being estimated at 64.9%, while illiteracy among youth between 15 and 24 years of age was listed at 8.6 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egyptianstreets.com/2014/09/09/more-than-25-of-egypts-population-illiterate/|title=More than 25% of Egypt's population 'illiterate'|author=The Cairo Post|work=Egyptian Streets|date=9 September 2014|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729211442/http://egyptianstreets.com/2014/09/09/more-than-25-of-egypts-population-illiterate/|archive-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> A European-style education system was first introduced in Egypt by the Ottomans in the early 19th century to nurture a class of loyal bureaucrats and army officers.<ref name=edu-chatham /> Under British occupation investment in education was curbed drastically, and secular public schools, which had previously been free, began to charge fees.<ref name=edu-chatham /> In the 1950s, President Nasser phased in free education for all Egyptians.<ref name=edu-chatham /> The Egyptian curriculum influenced other Arab education systems, which often employed Egyptian-trained teachers.<ref name=edu-chatham /> Demand soon outstripped the level of available state resources, causing the quality of public education to deteriorate.<ref name=edu-chatham /> Today this trend has culminated in poor teacher–student ratios (often around one to fifty) and persistent gender inequality.<ref name=edu-chatham>{{cite web|title=Education in Egypt: Key Challenges|url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf|publisher=Chatham House|date=March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224022844/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2012}}</ref> Basic education, which includes six years of primary and three years of preparatory school, is a right for Egyptian children from the age of six.<ref name=oecd-edu>{{cite book|title=Higher education in Egypt|year=2010|publisher=OECD|isbn=978-92-64-08434-6|page=60|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/reviews-of-national-policies-for-education-higher-education-in-egypt-2010_9789264084346-en|edition=2010|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125141055/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/reviews-of-national-policies-for-education-higher-education-in-egypt-2010_9789264084346-en|archive-date=25 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> After grade 9, students are tracked into one of two strands of secondary education: general or technical schools. General secondary education prepares students for further education, and graduates of this track normally join higher education institutes based on the results of the [[Thanaweya Amma]], the leaving exam.<ref name=oecd-edu /> Technical secondary education has two strands, one lasting three years and a more advanced education lasting five. Graduates of these schools may have access to higher education based on their results on the final exam, but this is generally uncommon.<ref name=oecd-edu /> [[Cairo University]] is Egypt's premier [[public university]]. The country is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is [[Zewail City of Science and Technology]]. Egypt was ranked 86th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, up from 92nd in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.wipo.int |date=30 October 2023 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020/eg.pdf|title=EGYPT|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=2020|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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