Washington, D.C.

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transportation in Washington, D.C.}}

==== Streets and highways ====
{{Main|Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.}}
{{See also|List of circles in Washington, D.C.}}
[[File:View down Pennsylvania Avenue NW from the Old Post Office Tower -01- (12798494884).jpg|thumb|[[Pennsylvania Avenue]], one of the city's most prominent streets]]

There are {{convert|1500|mi|km}} of streets, parkways, and avenues in the district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Road Length |url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohim/hs06/htm/hm10.htm |work=Highway Statistics 2006 |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |access-date=September 17, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122121841/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohim/hs06/htm/hm10.htm |archive-date=November 22, 2012}}</ref> Due to the [[Highway revolts in the United States|freeway revolts]] of the 1960s, much of the proposed [[interstate highway system]] through the middle of Washington was never built. [[Interstate 95 in the District of Columbia|Interstate&nbsp;95]] (I-95), the nation's major east coast highway, therefore bends around the district to form the eastern portion of the [[Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)|Capital Beltway]]. A portion of the proposed highway funding was directed to the region's public transportation infrastructure instead.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schrag |first=Zachary |title=The Great Society Subway |year=2006 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDQI-02wki0C |chapter=Chapter 5: The Bridge |isbn=978-0-8018-8906-6 |access-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-date=November 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118202247/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDQI-02wki0C |url-status=live }}</ref> The interstate highways that continue into Washington, including [[Interstate 66|I-66]] and [[Interstate 395 (Virginia–District of Columbia)|I-395]], both terminate shortly after entering the city.<ref>I-66: {{Hanging indent| {{cite news |last1=Kozel |first1=Scott M. |title=Interstate 66 in Virginia |url=http://www.roadstothefuture.com/I66_VA_Desc.html |access-date=April 22, 2017 |publisher=Roads to the Future |date=May 31, 2000 |archive-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422214116/http://www.roadstothefuture.com/I66_VA_Desc.html |url-status=live }}}} I-395: {{Hanging indent| {{cite book |last1=BMI |title=I-95/i-395 Hov Restriction Study |date=February 1999 |publisher=Virginia Department of Transportation |pages=70 |url=http://www.virginiadot.org/travel/resources/studynova-hov395Final.pdf |access-date=April 22, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525021506/http://www.virginiadot.org/travel/resources/studynova-hov395Final.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 }}}}</ref>

According to a 2010 study, Washington-area commuters spent 70&nbsp;hours a year in traffic delays, which tied with Chicago for having the nation's worst road congestion.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ashley |last=Halsey III |title=Washington area tied with Chicago for traffic congestion, study finds |date=January 20, 2011 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/20/AR2011012000056.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 15, 2011 |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706091805/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/20/AR2011012000056.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, 37% of Washington-area commuters take public transportation to work, the second-highest rate in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm |title=New Yorkers are top transit users |access-date=July 15, 2008 |last=Christie |first=Les |date=June 29, 2007 |publisher=CNNMoney |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516222801/http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> An additional 12% of D.C. commuters walked to work, 6% carpooled, and 3% traveled by bicycle in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=District of Columbia Commuting Characteristics by Sex |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_1YR/S0801/0400000US11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212094909/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_1YR/S0801/0400000US11 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |work=2010 American Community Survey |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

==== Cycling ====
[[File:Capital Bikeshare DC 2010 10 545.JPG|thumb|A [[Capital Bikeshare]] rental station near [[McPherson Square]]]]

In May 2022, the city celebrated the expansion of its [[Cycling infrastructure|bike lane network]] to {{convert|104|mi}}, a 60 percent increase from 2015. Of those miles, {{convert|24|mi}} were [[protected bike lane]]s. It also boasted {{convert|62|mi}} of [[bike trail]]s.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Mayor Bowser and DDOT Celebrate 100 Miles of DC Bike Lanes on Bike to Work Day |url=https://ddot.dc.gov/release/mayor-bowser-and-ddot-celebrate-100-miles-dc-bike-lanes-bike-work-day |publisher=[[District Department of Transportation]] |date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2023|March}}, the city has {{convert|108|mi}} of bike lanes, with {{convert|30|mi}} of them protected bike lanes.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Capital Bikeshare Getting 700 New E-Bikes; Bowser Celebrates Completion of 9th Street Bikeway |work=[[DCist]] |date=March 20, 2023 |url=https://dcist.com/story/23/03/20/capital-bikeshare-getting-700-new-e-bikes-bowser-celebrates-completion-of-9th-street-bikeway/ |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321002101/https://dcist.com/story/23/03/20/capital-bikeshare-getting-700-new-e-bikes-bowser-celebrates-completion-of-9th-street-bikeway/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

D.C. is part of the regional [[Capital Bikeshare]] program. Started in 2010, it is one of the largest [[bicycle sharing system]]s in the country. {{As of|2024|February}}, the program had 6,372 bicycles and 395 stations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbsc.com/cities/washington-dc-bike-share|title=Washington DC Bike Share Program|website=PBSC Urban Solutions|language=en-US|access-date=February 2, 2024}}</ref> A preceding [[SmartBike DC]] pilot program had begun in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/dr-gridlock/2010/12/sun_sets_on_smartbikes.html |title=Sun sets on SmartBikeDC |date=December 17, 2010 |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Luke |last=Rosiak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009121629/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/dr-gridlock/2010/12/sun_sets_on_smartbikes.html |archive-date=October 9, 2012 }}</ref>

==== Walkability ====
A 2021 study by [[Walk Score]] ranked Washington, D.C. the fifth-most walkable city in the country. According to the study, the most walkable neighborhoods are [[U Street (Washington, D.C.)|U Street]], [[Dupont Circle]], and [[Mount Vernon Square]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.walkscore.com/DC/Washington_D.C. |title=Living in Washington D.C. |publisher=Walk Score |date=2021 |access-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref> In 2013, the [[Washington Metropolitan Area]] had the eighth lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (75.7 percent), with 8{{nbsp}}percent of area workers traveling via rail transit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/acs/acs-32.pdf |title=Who Drives to Work? Commuting by Automobile in the United States: 2013 |series=American Survey Reports |access-date=December 26, 2017 |date=August 2015 |author=McKenzie, Brian |archive-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221064610/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/acs/acs-32.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== River crossings ====
{{See also|List of crossings of the Potomac River|List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.}}
[[File:Memorial Bridge sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Arlington Memorial Bridge|Memorial Bridge]] connects the city across the [[Potomac River]] with [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]].]]

There are multiple transportation methods to cross the city's two rivers, the [[Potomac River]] and the [[Anacostia River]]. There are numerous bridges that take cars, trains, pedestrians, and bikers across the rivers. Among these are [[Arlington Memorial Bridge]], the [[14th Street Bridges]], [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]], [[Theodore Roosevelt Bridge]], [[Woodrow Wilson Bridge]], and [[Frederick Douglass Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Washington DC Bridges: A Guide to River Crossings |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/washington-dc-bridges-1040468 |publisher=Trip Savvy |access-date=September 17, 2022 }}</ref>

There are also ferries and water cruises that cross the Potomac River. One of these is the Potomac Water Taxi, operated by [[Hornblower Cruises]], which goes between the [[Georgetown Waterfront Park|Georgetown Waterfront]], [[the Wharf (Washington, D.C.)|the Wharf]], the [[Old Town Alexandria]] Waterfront, and [[National Harbor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Potomac Water Taxi |url=https://www.cityexperiences.com/washington-dc/city-cruises/water-taxi/washington-dc-water-taxi/ |publisher=Hornblower |access-date=September 17, 2022 }}</ref>

==== Rail ====
{{See also|List of railroads in Washington, D.C.}}
[[File:Farragut West DC Metro td (2018-04-29) 052.jpg|thumb|[[Washington Metro]], the [[List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership|second-busiest]] rapid rail system in the U.S. based on average weekday ridership after the [[New York City Subway]]]]

The [[Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority]] (WMATA) operates the [[Washington Metro]], the city's [[rapid transit]] rail system. The system serves Washington, D.C. and its [[Maryland]] and [[Northern Virginia]] suburbs. Metro opened on March 27, 1976, and consists of six lines (each one color coded), [[List of Washington Metro stations|98&nbsp;stations]], and {{convert|129|mi}} of track.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=5749 |title=Metro launches Silver Line, largest expansion of region's rail system in more than two decades |date=July 25, 2014 |access-date= August 4, 2014 |publisher=Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140801205217/http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=5749 |archive-date= August 1, 2014 }}</ref> Metro is the [[List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership|second-busiest rapid transit system]] in the country and [[List of North American rapid transit systems by ridership|fifth-busiest in North America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ggwash.org/view/90163/soaring-ridership-leads-transit-recovery-in-us|title=With soaring Metro, DC Streetcar, and VRE ridership, Washington region leads transit recovery in US |date=July 6, 2023 |access-date=July 6, 2023 |publisher=Greater Greater Washington }}</ref> It operates mostly as a deep-level [[passenger rail terminology#Subway|subway]] in more densely populated parts of the D.C. metropolitan area (including most of the District itself), while most of the suburban tracks are at surface level or [[elevated railway|elevated]]. Metro is known for its iconic [[Brutalism|brutalist-style]] vaulted ceilings in the interior stations. It is also known for having long escalators in some of its underground stations. The longest single-tier escalator in the Western Hemisphere, spanning {{convert|230|ft}}, is located at Metro's [[Wheaton station (Washington Metro)|Wheaton station]] in Maryland.<ref name="facts 2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmata.com/about/upload/2019-Metro-Snapshot-Fact-Sheet.pdf|title=Metro Facts 2018|website=WMATA|access-date=November 14, 2019|archive-date=July 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711072813/https://www.wmata.com/about/upload/2019-Metro-Snapshot-Fact-Sheet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Union Station (Washington, D.C.)|Union Station]] is the city's main train station and serves approximately 70,000 people each day. It is [[Amtrak]]'s second-busiest station with 4.6&nbsp;million passengers annually and is the southern terminus for the [[Northeast Corridor]], which carries long-distance and regional services to [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|New York Penn Station]] and points in New England. As of 2023, Union Station is the [[List of busiest railway stations in North America|ninth-busiest rail station]] in the nation and tenth-busiest in [[North America]].

Maryland's [[MARC Train|MARC]] and Virginia's [[Virginia Railway Express|VRE]] commuter trains and the Metrorail [[Red Line (Washington Metro)|Red Line]] also provide service into Union Station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/factsheets/DC10.pdf |title=District of Columbia Amtrak Fact Sheet FY 2010 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |date=November 2010 |publisher=Amtrak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119183510/http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/factsheets/DC10.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref> Following renovations in 2011, Union Station became Washington's primary [[intercity bus]] transit center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Union Station gets new bus depot |url=http://www.wjla.com/articles/2011/11/union-station-gets-new-bus-depot-69175.html |publisher=WJLA-TV |access-date=June 19, 2012 |date=November 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030065252/http://www.wjla.com/articles/2011/11/union-station-gets-new-bus-depot-69175.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Although Washington, D.C. was known throughout the 19th and early- to mid-20th centuries for [[Streetcars in Washington, D.C.|its streetcars]], these lines were dismantled in the 1960s. In 2016, however, the city brought back a streetcar line, [[DC Streetcar]], which is a single line system in Northeast Washington, D.C., along [[H Street (Washington, D.C.)|H Street]] and [[Benning Road]], known as the [[H Street/Benning Road Line]].<ref name="WAPO">{{cite news |first=Michael|last=Laris |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/dc-streetcar-makes-its-first-voyages-on-h-street-is-it-really-happening/2016/02/27/bd0c3234-dd5b-11e5-891a-4ed04f4213e8_story.html |title=D.C. streetcar makes its first voyages on H Street. 'Is it really happening?' |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 27, 2016 |access-date=September 17, 2022}}</ref>

==== Bus ====
{{Main|Metrobus (Washington, D.C.)}}
[[File:WMATA 2015 New Flyer XDE60 5462.jpg|thumb|[[Metrobus (Washington, D.C.)|Metrobus]], operated by the [[Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority]]]]
Two main public bus systems operate in Washington, D.C. [[Metrobus (Washington, D.C.)|Metrobus]], operated by the [[Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority]] (WMATA), is the primary public bus system in Washington, D.C. Serving more than 400,000 riders each weekday, it is one of the nation's [[List of United States local bus agencies by ridership|largest bus systems]] by annual ridership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2009_q2_ridership_APTA.pdf |title=Estimated Unliked Transit Passenger Trips |access-date=October 10, 2009 |last=Dawson |first=Christie R. |date=August 21, 2009 |publisher=American Public Transport Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828143620/http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2009_q2_ridership_APTA.pdf |archive-date=August 28, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city also operates its own [[DC Circulator]] bus system, which connects commercial and touristic areas within central Washington.<ref>{{cite web |title=About DC Circulator |url=http://www.dccirculator.com/Home/About.aspx |work=DC Circulator |access-date=March 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415081625/http://www.dccirculator.com/Home/About.aspx |archive-date=April 15, 2012}}</ref> The DC Circulator costs only $1 to ride and is composed of six distinct routes that cover central D.C. and suburban [[Rosslyn, Virginia]]. The DC Circulator is run via a public-private partnerships between the [[District of Columbia Department of Transportation]], WMATA, and DC Surface Transit, Inc. (DCST). The bus system services each stop approximately every 10 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dccirculator.com/connect/about-us/# |title=About Us |access-date=September 17, 2022 |publisher=DC Circulator }}</ref>

Many other public bus systems operate in the various jurisdictions of the Washington region outside of the city in suburban Maryland and Virginia. Among these are the [[Fairfax Connector]] in [[Fairfax County, Virginia]]; [[DASH (bus)|DASH]] in [[Alexandria, Virginia]]; and [[TheBus (Prince George's County)|TheBus]] in [[Prince George's County, Maryland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commuterpage.com/ways-to-get-around/local-bus-systems/ |title=Local Bus Systems |publisher=Arlington County Commuter Services |access-date=September 17, 2022 }}</ref> There are also numerous commuter buses that residents of the wider Washington region take to commute into the city for work or other events. Among these are the [[Loudoun County Transit]] Commuter Bus and the [[Maryland Transit Administration]] Commuter Bus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commuterpage.com/ways-to-get-around/commuter-buses/ |title=Commuter Buses |access-date=September 17, 2022 |publisher=Arlington County Commuter Services }}</ref>

The city also has several bus lines used by tourists and others visiting the city, including [[Big Bus Tours]], Old Town Trolley Tours, and DC Trails. The city also has many charter buses used in carrying young students and other tourists from across the country to the city and region's historic sites. These buses are often found parked beside the city's most notable tourist attractions, including the [[National Mall]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==== Air ====
{{See also|Aviation in Washington, D.C.|List of airports serving Washington, D.C.|List of heliports in Washington, D.C.}}
[[File:NewConcourse-RonaldReaganWashingtonNationalAirport.jpg|thumb|[[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport|Reagan Washington National Airport]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]] is the closest airport to the city among the three major [[Washington metropolitan area]] airports.]]

Three major airports serve the district, though none are within the city's borders. Two of these major airports are located in suburban [[Virginia]] and one in suburban [[Maryland]]. The closest is [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]], which is located in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], just across the [[Potomac River]] about {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} from downtown Washington, D.C. This airport provides primarily domestic flights and has the lowest number of passengers of the three airports in the region. The busiest by number of total passengers is [[Baltimore/Washington International Airport]] (BWI), located in [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]], Maryland about {{convert|30|mi|km|0}} northeast of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Service Airport Ranking, FAA |url=https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy18-commercial-service-enplanements.pdf |date=December 20, 2019 |website=Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) |access-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-date=November 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102133933/https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy18-commercial-service-enplanements.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The busiest by international flights and the largest by land size and amount of facilities is [[Dulles International Airport|Washington Dulles International Airport]], located in [[Dulles, Virginia]], about {{convert|24|mi|km|0}} west of the city.<ref>{{Citation |title=MWAA Air Traffic Statistics |date=December 1, 2018 |url=https://www.mwaa.com/sites/default/files/12-18_ats_report_v2.pdf |work=Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority |language=en |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=March 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318194548/https://www.mwaa.com/sites/default/files/12-18_ats_report_v2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Dulles has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]] outside the [[New York metropolitan area]], including approximately 90% of the international passenger traffic in the [[Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area|Washington-Baltimore region]].<ref name=ACI>{{cite web|url=https://www.transportation.gov/office-policy/aviation-policy/us-international-passenger-freight-statistics-2011-2015-passengers |title=U.S. International Air Passenger and Freight Statistics Report |publisher=Office of the Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs, U.S. Department of Transportation |access-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref> Each of these three airports also serves as a hub for a major American airline: Reagan National Airport is a hub for [[American Airlines]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2016/12/06/fleet-and-hubs-american-airlines-numbers/95014004/ |title=The fleet and hubs of American Airlines, by the numbers |date=December 6, 2016 |work=USA Today |first=Ben |last=Mutzabaugh |access-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031122/http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2016/12/06/fleet-and-hubs-american-airlines-numbers/95014004/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dulles is a major hub for [[United Airlines]] and [[Star Alliance]] partners,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2017/01/26/fleet-and-hubs-united-airlines-numbers/96983530/ |title=The fleet and hubs of United Airlines, by the numbers |date=January 26, 2017 |work=USA Today |first=Ben |last=Mutzabaugh |access-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212041159/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2017/01/26/fleet-and-hubs-united-airlines-numbers/96983530/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and BWI is an operating base for [[Southwest Airlines]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://airwaysmag.com/airlines/southwest-opens-ft-lauderdale-international-gateway-focus-city/ |title=Southwest Opens Ft Lauderdale International Gateway Focus City |date=August 8, 2016 |magazine=Airways Magazine |first=Chris |last=Sloan |access-date=November 8, 2021 |quote=Ft. Lauderdale is destined to join Houston Hobby, Baltimore, and Los Angeles as a key focus gateway city |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001085639/https://airwaysmag.com/airlines/southwest-opens-ft-lauderdale-international-gateway-focus-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the Washington, D.C. area was the [[List of busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic|18th-busiest airport system in the world]] by passenger traffic, accumulating over 74 million passengers between its three main commercial airports; by 2022 it had climbed to 13th-busiest for passenger traffic, even though passenger numbers decreased to less than 69 million.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The [[President of the United States]] does not use any of these airports for travel. Instead, he typically travels by [[Marine One]] from the [[White House]] [[South Lawn]] to [[Joint Base Andrews]], located in suburban Maryland. From there, he takes [[Air Force One]] to his destination. Joint Base Andrews was built in 1942. From 1942 to 2009, it was solely an [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] base, but became a joint Air Force and [[United States Navy|Naval]] base in 2009, when [[Andrews Air Force Base]] and [[Naval Air Facility Washington]] were merged into a singular entity with the creation of Joint Base Andrews.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jba.af.mil/About/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/336384/joint-base-andrews-history/ |title=Factsheet: Joint Base Andrews History |date=September 21, 2012 |website=Joint Base Andrews |access-date=January 31, 2024 }}</ref>

=== Utilities ===
{{Further|District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority|Pepco|Washington Gas}}
[[File:Secondary treatment reactors - Blue Plains WWTP - 2016a.jpg|thumb|The [[Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant]] in D.C. is the largest [[Sewage_treatment#Tertiary_treatment|advanced]] wastewater treatment facility in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pipkin |first1=Whitney |title=DC water treatment plant powers up for cleaner energy |url=https://www.bayjournal.com/news/energy/dc-water-treatment-plant-powers-up-for-cleaner-energy/article_812d51e0-f67b-11ec-9809-d7e7eeae2b0e.html |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=Bay Journal |date=29 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>]]

The [[District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority]], also known as WASA or D.C. Water, is an independent authority of the Washington, D.C., government that provides drinking water and wastewater collection in the city. WASA purchases water from the historic [[Washington Aqueduct]], which is operated by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]]. The water, sourced from the [[Potomac River]], is treated and stored in the city's [[Dalecarlia Reservoir|Dalecarlia]], [[Georgetown Reservoir|Georgetown]], and [[McMillan Reservoir|McMillan]] reservoirs. The aqueduct provides drinking water for a total of 1.1&nbsp;million people in the district and Virginia, including Arlington, Falls Church, and a portion of Fairfax County.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Washington Aqueduct System |url=http://www.nps.gov/choh/historyculture/thewashingtonaqueductsystem.htm |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107020849/http://www.nps.gov/choh/historyculture/thewashingtonaqueductsystem.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The authority also provides [[sewage treatment]] services for an additional 1.6&nbsp;million people in four surrounding Maryland and Virginia counties.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Information |url=http://www.dcwater.com/about/gen_information.cfm |publisher=District of Columbia Washington and Sewer Authority |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-date=July 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130707000021/http://www.dcwater.com/about/gen_information.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Pepco]] is the city's electric utility and services 793,000 customers in the district and suburban Maryland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Pepco |url=http://www.pepco.com/welcome/ |work=January 5, 2014 |publisher=Pepco |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040826/http://www.pepco.com/welcome/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> An 1889 law prohibits overhead wires within much of the historic City of Washington. As a result, all power lines and telecommunication cables are located underground in downtown Washington, and traffic signals are placed at the edge of the street.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rein |first=Lisa |title=D.C. streetcar project may get hung up on overhead wires |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/05/AR2010040502927.html |access-date=January 5, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 6, 2010 |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627065720/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/05/AR2010040502927.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2013 plan would bury an additional {{convert|60|miles|km}} of primary power lines throughout the district.<ref>{{cite news |last=DeBonis |first=Mike |title=Plan to bury D.C.'s outage-prone power lines backed by task force |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/plan-to-bury-dcs-outage-prone-power-lines-backed-by-task-force/2013/05/14/6571f060-bcc3-11e2-97d4-a479289a31f9_story.html |access-date=January 4, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 15, 2013 |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627170457/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/plan-to-bury-dcs-outage-prone-power-lines-backed-by-task-force/2013/05/14/6571f060-bcc3-11e2-97d4-a479289a31f9_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Washington Gas]] is the city's [[natural gas]] utility and serves more than a million customers in the district and its suburbs. Incorporated by [[United States Congress|Congress]] in 1848, the company installed the city's first gas lights in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], [[White House]], and along [[Pennsylvania Avenue]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Profile / History |url=http://www.washingtongas.com/pages/CompanyProfileHistory |publisher=Washington Gas Light Co. |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031709/http://www.washingtongas.com/pages/CompanyProfileHistory |url-status=live }}</ref>
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