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Do not fill this in! ==References== ===Footnotes=== {{notelist}} ===Quran and hadith=== {{Reflist|group=lower-roman}} ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===Sources=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. Winter |title=The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |pages=33–54 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.003|isbn=978-0-521-78058-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57003-471-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Bulliet|first=Richard| publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin]]| isbn = 0-618-42770-8| title = The Earth and Its Peoples | location = Boston| year = 2005| url = | page = | quote = }} * {{Cite book |last=Burge|first=Stephen|year=2015|title=Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50473-0}} * {{cite book |last=Çakmak |first=Cenap |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia |series=4 volumes |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC}} * {{Cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C |title=Sufism: A Beginner's Guide |year=2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-052-2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=LI0kjBlXS5UC}} |access-date=17 January 2015}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen-Mor |first=Dalya |title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513398-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Patricia A. |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt |title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing Professional]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Esposito}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo |title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002a |isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002b |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 |edition=Revised 3rd |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 |edition=4th |author-mask=1}} * {{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |year=2011 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3 |author-mask=1}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080204031050/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/book_wenkai.html Lay summary] * {{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon |title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? |last2=Haddad |first2=Yvonne Yazbeck |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513526-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=[[Barron's Educational Series]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 |edition=5th |author-link=Caesar E. Farah}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |url=https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse00fara_0 |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=[[Barron's Educational Series]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7641-2226-2 |edition=7th |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Firestone |first=Reuven |title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-512580-1}} * {{Cite book | last1=Goldschmidt | first1=Arthur Jr. |title=A Concise History of the Middle East |last2=Davidson |first2=Lawrence |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7 |edition=8th |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0008gold |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Griffith |first1=Ruth Marie |author1-link=Ruth Marie Griffith |title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance |last2=Savage |first2=Barbara Dianne |author2-link=Barbara D. Savage |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8018-8370-5}} * {{Cite book |last1=Haddad |first1=Yvonne Yazbeck |last2=Smith |first2=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=Muslims in the West: Visible and Invisible |place=Walnut Creek, CA |publisher=Altamira |year=2002}} * {{Cite book |last=Hedayetullah |first=Muhammad |title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition |publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55369-842-5}} * {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lewis |editor-first2=Bernard |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29136-1 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1 |author-link2=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor2-link=Ann Lambton |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-21946-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00holt_798 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0122hour_06BYS |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=[[Belknap Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 |author-link=Albert Hourani}} * {{cite book |title=The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah |author=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr |isbn=978-603-500-080-2 |translator=Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad |place=Riyadh |publisher=Maktaba Dar-us-Salam |year=2012}} * {{Cite book |last=Kobeisy |first=Ahmed Nezar |title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger Publishers]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32472-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Martin |title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi |title=The Middle East |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing Company]]|year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 |edition=2nd |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi |title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East |publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 |edition=reprint |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern |title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror |publisher=[[Random House, Inc.]], New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}} * {{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |title=Sufism in the West |last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]] |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=[[Grolier|Franklin Watts Ltd]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Encyclopedias and dictionaries === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |year=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=[[Macmillan Reference Books]] |publisher=[[Thomson-Gale]] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=n.d.|editor-first=Jane Dammen|editor-last=McAuliffe|editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=[[Routledge]] |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004 <!-- no bot -->}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[AltaMira Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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