Soul

==Parapsychology==
Some [[parapsychologists]] have attempted to establish, by [[scientific]] experiment, whether a soul separate from the brain exists, as is more commonly defined in religion rather than as a synonym of psyche or mind. [[Milbourne Christopher]] (1979) and [[Mary Roach]] (2010) have argued that none of the attempts by parapsychologists have yet succeeded.<ref>[[Milbourne Christopher]]. (1979). ''Search for the Soul: An Insider's Report on the Continuing Quest by Psychics and Scientists for Evidence of Life After Death''. Thomas Y. Crowell, Publishers.</ref><ref>[[Mary Roach]]. (2010). ''[[Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife]]''. Canongate Books Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-84767-080-9}}</ref>

===Weight of the soul===
In 1901 [[Duncan MacDougall (doctor)|Duncan MacDougall]] conducted [[21 grams experiment|an experiment]] in which he made weight measurements of patients as they died. He claimed that there was weight loss of varying amounts at the time of death; he concluded the soul weighed 21 grams, based on measurements of a single patient and discarding conflicting results.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = MacDougall |first1 = Duncan |author-link = Duncan MacDougall (doctor) |year = 1907 |title = The Soul: Hypothesis Concerning Soul Substance Together with Experimental Evidence of the Existence of Such Substance |journal = American Medicine |series=New Series |volume = 2 |pages = 240–43}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/32327-how-much-does-the-soul-weigh.html|title=How much does the soul weights?|website=[[Live Science]]|date=December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428081819/http://www.livescience.com/32327-how-much-does-the-soul-weigh.html|archive-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> The physicist [[Robert L. Park]] wrote that MacDougall's experiments "are not regarded today as having any scientific merit" and the psychologist [[Bruce Hood (psychologist)|Bruce Hood]] wrote that "because the weight loss was not reliable or replicable, his findings were unscientific."<ref>[[Robert L. Park|Park, Robert L]]. (2009). ''Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science''. [[Princeton University Press]]. p. 90. {{ISBN|978-0-691-13355-3}}</ref><ref>[[Bruce Hood (psychologist)|Hood, Bruce]]. (2009). ''Supersense: From Superstition to Religion – The Brain Science of Belief''. Constable. p. 165. {{ISBN|978-1-84901-030-6}}</ref>