San Diego

==Infrastructure==

===Transportation===
{{main|Transportation in San Diego|Streets and highways of San Diego}}
[[File:Union Station, San Diego (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Santa Fe Depot (San Diego)|Santa Fe Depot]] is served by [[Amtrak California]] and [[Coaster (rail service)|Coaster]] trains.]]
With the automobile being the primary means of transportation for over 80 percent of residents, San Diego is served by a network of freeways and highways. This includes [[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate&nbsp;5]], which runs south to [[Tijuana]] and north to Los Angeles; [[Interstate 8]], which runs east to [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]] and the [[Arizona Sun Corridor]]; Interstate&nbsp;15, which runs northeast through the [[Inland Empire]] to [[Las Vegas]] and [[Salt Lake City]]; and [[Interstate 805]], which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at [[Sorrento Valley, San Diego|Sorrento Valley]].

Major state highways include [[California State Route 94|SR&nbsp;94]], which connects downtown with I-805, I-15 and [[East County, San Diego|East County]]; [[California State Route 163|SR&nbsp;163]], which connects downtown with the northeast part of the city, intersects I-805 and merges with I-15 at [[Miramar, San Diego|Miramar]]; [[California State Route 52|SR&nbsp;52]], which connects La Jolla with [[East County, San Diego|East County]] through [[Santee, California|Santee]] and [[California State Route 125|SR&nbsp;125]]; [[California State Route 56|SR&nbsp;56]], which connects I-5 with I-15 through [[Carmel Valley, San Diego|Carmel Valley]] and [[Rancho Peñasquitos]]; [[California State Route 75|SR 75]], which spans [[San Diego Bay]] as the [[San Diego-Coronado Bridge]], and also passes through [[South San Diego]] as Palm Avenue; and [[California State Route 905|SR&nbsp;905]], which connects I-5 and I-805 to the [[Otay Mesa Port of Entry]].
[[File:MTSgreenline-convctr (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[San Diego Trolley]] is operated by the [[San Diego Metropolitan Transit System|S.D. Metropolitan Transit System]].]]
The stretch of SR&nbsp;163 that passes through Balboa Park is San Diego's oldest freeway, dating back to 1948 when it was part of [[U.S. Route 80 in California|US&nbsp;80]] and [[U.S. Route 395 in California|US&nbsp;395]]. It has been called one of America's most beautiful parkways.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG3asbfLcUsC&dq=163+beautiful+diego&pg=PA110 |title=San Diego's Balboa Park |series=Postcard History Series |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-7385-4754-1}}</ref>

San Diego's roadway system provides an extensive network of cycle routes. Its dry and mild climate makes cycling a convenient year-round option; however, the city's hilly terrain and long average trip distances make cycling less practicable. Older and denser neighborhoods around the downtown tend to be oriented to [[utility cycling]]. This is partly because the grid street patterns are now absent in newer developments farther from the urban core, where suburban-style arterial roads are much more common. As a result, the majority of cycling is recreational.
[[File:CBX exterior.jpg|thumb|The [[Cross Border Xpress]], also known as the ''Puerta de [[las Californias]]'', connects San Diego to [[Tijuana International Airport]] in [[Baja California]].]]
San Diego is served by the [[San Diego Trolley]] light rail system,<ref name="SD-Trolley">{{cite web | title=SDMTS – Trolley Information | publisher=San Diego Metropolitan Transit System | url=http://www.sdmts.com/Trolley/Trolley.asp | year=2013 | access-date=July 15, 2013}}</ref> by the [[San Diego Metropolitan Transit System|SDMTS bus system]],<ref>{{cite web | title=SDMTS – Bus Routes | publisher=San Diego Metropolitan Transit System | url=http://www.sdmts.com/mtscr/BusRoutes.aspx | year=2013 | access-date=July 15, 2013}}</ref> private [[Share taxi#United States|jitneys]] in some neighborhoods,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sdmts.com/sites/default/files/attachments/service_evaluation_report.pdf |title=System and Service Evaluation |date=January 2017 |publisher=San Diego Metropolitan Transit System |access-date=March 23, 2022}}</ref> and by [[Coaster (rail service)|Coaster]]<ref name="Coaster">{{cite web | title=COASTER – NCTD | publisher=North County Transit District | url=http://www.gonctd.com/coaster | access-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> and [[Pacific Surfliner|Amtrak Pacific Surfliner]]<ref name="Surfliner">{{cite web | title=Pacific Surfliner Train – from Los Angeles to San Diego & More – Amtrak | publisher=National Railroad Passenger Corporation | url=http://www.amtrak.com/pacific-surfliner-train | year=2013 | access-date=July 15, 2013}}</ref> commuter rail; northern [[San Diego County, California|San Diego county]] is also served by the [[Sprinter (rail service)|Sprinter]] hybrid rail service.<ref>{{cite web | title=SPRINTER – NCTD | publisher=North County Transit District | url=http://www.gonctd.com/sprinter | access-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> The trolley primarily serves downtown and surrounding urban communities, [[Mission Valley, San Diego, California|Mission Valley]], east county, and coastal south bay. A mid-coast extension of the Trolley operates from [[Old Town, San Diego, California|Old Town]] to [[University City, San Diego, California|University City]] and the [[University of California, San Diego]] along the I-5 Freeway since November 2021. The Amtrak and Coaster trains currently run along the coastline and connect San Diego with Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura via [[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]] and the Pacific Surfliner. There are two Amtrak stations in San Diego, in [[Old Town Transit Center|Old Town]] and [[Santa Fe Depot (San Diego, California)|the Santa Fe Depot]] downtown. San Diego transit information about public transportation and commuting is available on the Web and by dialing "[[5-1-1|511]]" from any phone in the area.<ref>{{cite web|title=511 Overview |url=http://www.511sd.com/About511.aspx |publisher=SANDAG |access-date=July 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724071539/http://www.511sd.com/About511.aspx |archive-date=July 24, 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:San Diego International Airport (KSAN) Terminal 2 (upper deck) - August 2018.jpg|thumb|left|[[San Diego International Airport]]]]
The city has two major commercial airports within or near its city limits. Downtown [[San Diego International Airport]] (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field, is the busiest single-runway airport in the world.<ref name="FAAresign">{{cite news |last=Downey |first=Dave |title=FAA chief says region right to consider bases |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-faa-chief-says-region-right-to-consider-bases-2006apr25-story.html |date=April 24, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113160703/http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2006/04/25/news/top_stories/20_02_594_24_06.txt |archive-date=January 13, 2009 |work=San Diego Union-Tribune |access-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hepburn |first1=Adam |title=San Diego Tourism - HHJ Trial Attorneys |url=https://hhjtrialattorneys.com/san-diego-tourism/ |website=hhjtrialattorneys.com |date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=Hepburn – Hernandez – Jung |access-date=July 18, 2023}}</ref> It served over 24&nbsp;million passengers in 2018 and is dealing with larger numbers every year.<ref>{{cite web|title=San Diego International Airport: Air Traffic Reports |url=https://www.san.org/News/Air-Traffic-Reports |publisher=San Diego County Regional Airport Authority |access-date=May 26, 2019 }}</ref> It is located on San Diego Bay, {{Convert|3|mi|spell=in}} from downtown, and maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States (including Hawaii), as well as to Canada, Germany, Mexico, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. [[Tijuana International Airport]] has a terminal within the city limits in the [[Otay Mesa]] district connected to the rest of the airport in [[Tijuana]], [[Mexico]], via the [[Cross Border Xpress]] cross-border footbridge. It is the primary airport for flights to the rest of Mexico, and offers connections via Mexico City to the rest of Latin America. In addition, the city has two general-aviation airports, [[Montgomery Field]] (MYF) and [[Brown Field Municipal Airport|Brown Field]] (SDM).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/airports/ |title=City of San Diego:Airports |publisher=Sandiego.gov |access-date=May 4, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:2012 Festival of Sail 934278934983.jpg|thumb|right|[[San Diego Bay]] Festival of Sail]]
Recent regional transportation projects have sought to mitigate congestion, including improvements to local freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around "The Merge" where these two freeways meet, as well as expansion of Interstate 15 through North County, which includes new [[high-occupancy vehicle lane|high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) "managed lanes"]]. A tollway (the southern portion of SR 125, known as the South Bay Expressway) connects SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to an assessment in 2007, 37 percent of city streets were in acceptable condition. However, the proposed budget fell $84.6&nbsp;million short of bringing streets up to an acceptable level.<ref name="37perStreets">{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Hall|title=City: 37 percent of streets in acceptable driving condition|newspaper=[[San Diego Union-Tribune]]|date=May 2, 2007|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20070502-1610-bn02streets.html|access-date=April 22, 2009}}</ref> Expansion at the port has included a second cruise terminal on [[Broadway Pier, San Diego|Broadway Pier]], opened in 2010. Airport projects include the expansion of Terminal Two.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.san.org/sdcraa/airport_initiatives/adp/default.aspx |title=San Diego International Airport – Airport Development Plan |publisher=San Diego County Regional Airport Authority. |year=2011 |access-date=July 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724072825/http://san.org/sdcraa/airport_initiatives/adp/default.aspx |archive-date=July 24, 2013 }}</ref>

===Utilities===
Water is supplied to residents by the Water Department of the City of San Diego. The city receives most of its water from the [[Metropolitan Water District of Southern California]], which brings water to the region from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, via the state project and the Colorado River, via the Colorado Aqueduct.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MWD {{!}} Securing Our Imported Supplies |url=https://www.mwdh2o.com/securing-our-imported-supplies/ |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=www.mwdh2o.com}}</ref>

Gas and electric utilities are provided by [[San Diego Gas & Electric]], a division of [[Sempra Energy]].{{explain|date=October 2023}} The company provides energy service to 3.7 million people through 1.5 million electric meters and 900,000 natural gas meters in San Diego and southern Orange counties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Company {{!}} San Diego Gas & Electric |url=https://www.sdge.com/more-information/our-company |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=www.sdge.com}}</ref>

====Street lights====
[[File:Sandiego gaslampquarter (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|Street lights in the [[Gaslamp Quarter]]]]
In the mid-20th century the city had [[mercury vapor]] street lamps. In 1978, the city decided to replace them with more efficient [[sodium vapor]] lamps. This triggered an outcry from [[astronomer]]s at [[Palomar Observatory]] {{convert|60|mi|km|sigfig=1}} north of the city, concerned that the new lamps would increase [[light pollution]] and hinder astronomical observation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/14/us/astronomers-say-street-lights-will-blind-palomar.html|title=Astronomers say street lights will blind Palomar|last=Blakeslee|first=Sandra|date=August 14, 1983|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2014}}</ref> The city altered its lighting regulations to limit light pollution within {{convert|30|mi|km|sigfig=1}} of Palomar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/community/pdf/cpc/agendas/attachments/outdoorlighting.pdf|title=Outdoor lighting regulations|work=City of San Diego|access-date=February 20, 2014|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114654/http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/community/pdf/cpc/agendas/attachments/outdoorlighting.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2011, the city announced plans to upgrade 80% of its street lighting to new energy-efficient lights that use [[Electrodeless lamp|induction technology]], a modified form of [[fluorescent lamp]] producing a broader spectrum than sodium vapor lamps. The new system is predicted to save $2.2&nbsp;million per year in energy and maintenance.<ref name="install">{{cite news|url=http://www.sdgln.com/news/2011/09/19/san-diego-install-brighter-more-efficient-streetlights|title=San Diego to install brighter, more efficient streetlights|date=September 19, 2011|work=San Diego Gay & Lesbian News|access-date=January 30, 2014}}</ref> The city stated the changes would "make our neighborhoods safer."<ref name = "install" /> They also increase [[light pollution]].<ref>[http://www.sandiego.gov/street-div/services/electrical/strlight.shtml City of San Diego official website, "Street Division: Electrical Street Lights"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221083431/http://www.sandiego.gov/street-div/services/electrical/strlight.shtml |date=February 21, 2014 }} Retrieved February 15, 2014</ref>

In 2014, San Diego announced plans to become the first U.S. city to install cyber-controlled street lighting, using an "intelligent" lighting system to control 3,000 [[LED]] street lights.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailyfusion.net/2014/01/san-diego-to-link-street-lights-to-industrial-internet-26286/|title=San Diego to Link Street Lights to Industrial Internet|work=Daily Fusion|access-date=January 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202175840/http://dailyfusion.net/2014/01/san-diego-to-link-street-lights-to-industrial-internet-26286/|archive-date=February 2, 2014}}</ref>
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