Jerusalem

==Demographics==
===Demographic history===
{{Main|Demographic history of Jerusalem}}
[[File:Demographic history of Jerusalem by religion.png|thumb|361x361px|Demographic history of Jerusalem by religion based on available data]]
Jerusalem's population size and composition has shifted many times over its 5,000-year history. Since the 19th century, the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of Jerusalem has been divided into [[Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)|Jewish]], [[Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)|Muslim]], [[Christian Quarter|Christian]], and [[Armenian Quarter|Armenian quarters]]. Matthew Teller writes that this convention may have originated in the [[1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria|1841 British Royal Engineers map of Jerusalem]],<ref name=Teller>{{cite book |last=Teller |first=Matthew |title=Nine Quarters of Jerusalem: A New Biography of the Old City |publisher=[[Profile Books]] |year=2022 |issue=map |isbn=978-1-78283-904-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgQ3EAAAQBAJ |access-date=30 May 2023 |page=Chapter 1 |quote=What wasn't corrected, though - and what, in retrospect, should have raised much more controversy than it did (it seems to have passed completely unremarked for the last 170-odd years) – was [[1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria|[Aldrich and Symonds's] map's]] labelling. Because here, newly arcing across the familiar quadrilateral of Jerusalem, are four double labels in bold capitals. At top left ''Haret En-Nassara'' and, beneath it, ''Christian Quarter''; at bottom left ''Haret El-Arman'' and ''Armenian Quarter''; at bottom centre ''Haret El-Yehud'' and ''Jews' Quarter''; and at top right – the big innovation, covering perhaps half the city – ''Haret El-Muslimin'' and ''Mohammedan Quarter'', had shown this before. Every map has shown it since. The idea, in 1841, of a Mohammedan (that is, Muslim) quarter of Jerusalem is bizarre. It's like a Catholic quarter of Rome. A Hindu quarter of Delhi. Nobody living there would conceive of the city in such a way. At that time, and for centuries before and decades after, Jerusalem was, if the term means anything at all, a Muslim city. Many people identified in other ways, but large numbers of Jerusalemites were Muslim and they lived all over the city. A Muslim quarter could only have been dreamt up by outsiders, searching for a handle on a place they barely understood, intent on asserting their own legitimacy among a hostile population, seeing what they wanted to see. Its only purpose could be to draw attention to what it excludes.}}</ref> or at least Reverend [[George Williams (priest)|George Williams]]' subsequent labelling of it.<ref name=Teller2>{{cite book |last=Teller |first=Matthew |title=Nine Quarters of Jerusalem: A New Biography of the Old City |publisher=[[Profile Books]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-78283-904-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgQ3EAAAQBAJ |access-date=30 May 2023 |page=Chapter 1 |quote=But it may not have been Aldrich and Symonds. Below the frame of their map, printed in italic script, a single line notes that 'The Writing' had been added by 'the [[George Williams (priest)|Revd. G. Williams]]' and 'the Revd. Robert Willis'… Some sources suggest [Williams] arrived before [[Michael Alexander (bishop)|[Michael] Alexander]], in 1841. If so, did he meet Aldrich and Symonds? We don't know. But Williams became their champion, defending them when the Haram inaccuracy came up and then publishing their work. The survey the two Royal Engineers did was not intended for commercial release (Aldrich had originally been sent to [[Syria (region)|Syria]] under 'secret service'), and it was several years before their military plan of Jerusalem came to public attention, published first in 1845 by their senior officer Alderson in plain form, without most of the detail and labelling, and then in full in 1849, in the second edition of Williams's book The Holy City. Did Aldrich and/or Symonds invent the idea of four quarters in Jerusalem? It's possible, but they were military surveyors, not scholars. It seems more likely they spent their very short stay producing a usable street-plan for their superior officers, without necessarily getting wrapped up in details of names and places. The 1845 publication, shorn of street names, quarter labels and other detail, suggests that… Compounding his anachronisms, and perhaps with an urge to reproduce Roman urban design in this new context, Williams writes how two main streets, north-south and east-west, 'divide Jerusalem into four quarters.' Then the crucial line: 'The subdivisions of the streets and quarters are numerous, but unimportant.' Historians will, I hope, be able to delve more deeply into Williams's work, but for me, this is evidence enough. For almost two hundred years, virtually the entire world has accepted the ill-informed, dismissive judgementalism of a jejune Old Etonian missionary as representing enduring fact about the social make-up of Jerusalem. It's shameful… With Britain's increased standing in Palestine after 1840, and the growth of interest in biblical archaeology that was to become an obsession a few decades later, it was vital for the Protestant missionaries to establish boundaries in Jerusalem… Williams spread his ideas around. [[:de:Ernst Gustav Schultz|Ernst Gustav Schultz]], who came to Jerusalem in 1842 as Prussian vice-consul, writes in his 1845 book Jerusalem: ''Eine Vorlesung'' ('A Lecture'): 'It is with sincere gratitude I must mention that, on my arrival in Jerusalem, Mr Williams ... willingly alerted me to the important information that he [and] another young Anglican clergyman, Mr Rolands, had discovered about the topography of [Jerusalem].' Later come the lines: 'Let us now divide the city into quarters,' and, after mentioning Jews and Christians, 'All the rest of the city is the Mohammedan Quarter.' Included was [[Kiepert maps of Palestine and Jerusalem|a map]], drawn by [[Heinrich Kiepert]], that labelled the four quarters, mirroring Williams's treatment in ''The Holy City''.}}</ref>

Most population data before 1905 is based on estimates, often from foreign travellers or organisations, since previous census data usually covered wider areas such as the [[Jerusalem District]].<ref>Usiel Oskar Schmelz, in Ottoman Palestine, 1800–1914: studies in economic and social history, Gad G. Gilbar, Brill Archive, 1990 {{Google books |id=sdYUAAAAIAAJ |title=Ottoman Palestine 1800 – 1940}}</ref> These estimates suggest that since the end of the [[Crusades]], Muslims formed the largest group in Jerusalem until the mid-nineteenth century.

Between 1838 and 1876, a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between 1882 and 1922 estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became an absolute majority of the population.

===Current demographics===
{{See also|Demographics of Jerusalem by quarter}}
[[File:Jerusalem population pyramid.svg|thumb|Jerusalem population pyramid in 2021]]
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under floatright" style="width:450px"
|+Approximate 2021 population for East/West Jerusalem (UN-recognized 1967 border)
|-
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>West or East<br/>(1967 borders)</small>
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Total</small>
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Jews<br/>and<br/>others</small>
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Jews<br/>and<br/>others<br/>%</small>
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Approx.<br/># of<br/>Ultra-<br/>Orthodox</small>
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Ultra-<br/>Orthodox<br/>as %<br/>of "Jews<br/>and Others"</small>
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Arabs/<br/>Pale-<br/>stinians</small>
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Pale-<br/>stinian<br/>%</small>
|-
| style=background:#fbd4d4; | '''East Jerusalem'''  || style=background:#fbd4d4; |611,370 || style=background:#fbd4d4; |240,831|| style=background:#fbd4d4; | 39.4% || style=background:#fbd4d4; |111,121|| style=background:#fbd4d4; | 46.1%|| style=background:#fbd4d4; |370,532 || style=background:#fbd4d4; |	60.6%
|-
| style=background:aliceblue;| '''West&nbsp;Jerusalem'''  ||  style=background:aliceblue;| 354,840 || style=background:aliceblue;| 349,734 || style=background:aliceblue;|  98.6% ||  style=background:aliceblue;| 166,688 ||  style=background:aliceblue;| 47.7% || style=background:aliceblue;| 5,088 ||  style=background:aliceblue;| 1.4%
|-
| style=background:#e6e6f6| '''Total&nbsp;Jerusalem'''  || style=background:#e6e6f6| '''966,210''' ||style=background:#e6e6f6|  '''590,565'''	||style=background:#e6e6f6| 61% ||style=background:#e6e6f6| '''277,809''' ||style=background:#e6e6f6|  29%||style=background:#e6e6f6|  '''375,620'''||style=background:#e6e6f6|  39%
|-
| colspan = 8 style="background:white;text-align:left;line-height:100%"| <small>Some sub-quarters straddle the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] and in those cases the sub-quarter is assigned to the sector (East or West) into which most of the area falls. Source: Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Table III/5 - Population of Jerusalem by Population Group, Religious Identification, Quarter and Sub-Quarter, 2021 |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shnaton_C0523.pdf |website=Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref> Totals do not sum exactly due to the presentation of some ethnoreligious groups as percentages of totals.</small>
|}

In December 2007, Jerusalem had a population of 747,600—63.7% were Jewish, 33.1% Muslim, and 2% Christian.<ref name="CBS2008">{{cite web |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |title=Table 3.&nbsp;– Population (1) of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population on 31/12/2008 |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf |access-date=26 October 2009}}</ref>

According to a study published in 2000, the percentage of Jews in the city's population had been decreasing; this was attributed to a higher Muslim [[birth rate]], and Jewish residents leaving. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32,488 people were Jews.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/26/mideast.jerusalem.reut/index.html |title=Arab population growth outpaces Jews in Jerusalem |agency=Reuters |date=26 September 2000 |access-date=25 July 2018 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Of the Jewish population, 200,000 live in East Jerusalem settlements which are considered illegal under international law.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24741524 |title=Israel approves new East Jerusalem settlement homes |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=12 February 2016 |date=30 October 2013}}</ref>

In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the United States, France and the former [[Soviet Union]]. In terms of the local population, the number of outgoing residents exceeds the number of incoming residents. In 2005, 16,000 left Jerusalem and only 10,000 moved in.<ref name="cbs">{{cite web |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |title=Press Release: Jerusalem Day |date=24 May 2006 |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106e.pdf |access-date=10 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614014210/http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106e.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevertheless, the population of Jerusalem continues to rise due to the high birth rate, especially in the [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jewish]] and [[Arab people|Arab]] communities. Consequently, the [[total fertility rate]] in Jerusalem (4.02) is higher than in Tel Aviv (1.98) and well above the national average of 2.90. The average size of Jerusalem's 180,000 households is 3.8 people.<ref name="cbs" />

In 2005, the total population grew by 13,000 (1.8%)—similar to the Israeli national average, but the religious and ethnic composition is shifting. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%.<ref name="cbs" />

In 1967, Jews accounted for 74 percent of the population, while the figure for 2006 is down nine percent.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3254277,00.html |website=Ynetnews |title=Jerusalem: More tourists, fewer Jews |access-date=10 March 2007 |last=Sela |first=Neta}}</ref> Possible factors are the high cost of housing, fewer job opportunities and the increasingly religious character of the city, although proportionally, young [[Haredi Judaism|Haredim]] are leaving in higher numbers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} The percentage of secular Jews, or those who 'wear their faith lightly' is dropping, with some 20,000 leaving the city over the past seven years (2012). They now number 31% of the population, the same percentage as the rising Haredi population.

In 2010, 61% of all Jewish children in Jerusalem studied in Haredi (Ultra-Orthodox) schools. This correlates with the high number of children in Haredi families.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3883620,00.html |title=Only 1 in 8 pupils in Jerusalem is secular |access-date=28 December 2022}}</ref>

While some secular Jews leave Jerusalem for its relative lack of development and religious and political tensions, Jerusalem-born Palestinians cannot leave Jerusalem, or they lose their right to live in the city. Palestinians with a "Jerusalem resident status" are entitled to the subsidized healthcare and social security benefits Israel provides to its citizens, and have the right to vote in municipal elections, but not to be voted in municipal elections, or to vote in national elections. Arabs in Jerusalem can send their children to Israeli-run schools, although not every neighbourhood has one, and universities. Israeli doctors and highly regarded hospitals such as [[Hadassah Medical Center|Hadassah Medical Centre]] are available to residents.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-barrier4jun04,1,5853828,full.story |title=Change cast in concrete |author=Ken Ellingwood |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=22 July 2009 |date=4 June 2007 |archive-date=14 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414202513/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-barrier4jun04,1,5853828,full.story |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem. In 1998, the [[Jerusalem Development Authority]] expanded city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews.<ref name=laub2006>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/02/AR2006120200463_pf.html |title=Jerusalem Barrier Causes Major Upheaval |date=2 December 2006 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post |last=Laub |first=Karin |access-date=10 March 2007}}</ref>

Within the past few years, there has been a steady increase in the Jewish birthrate and a steady decrease in the Arab birthrate. In May 2012, it was reported that the Jewish birthrate had overtaken the Arab birthrate. The city's birthrate stands about 4.2 children per Jewish family and 3.9 children per Arab family.<ref>{{cite web |author=Peggy Cidor |url=http://www.jpost.com/InJerusalem/CityFront/Article.aspx?id=270431 |title=Jerusalem 2012 – the state of things |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/155980 |title=Jewish Birthrate Up, Arab Rate Down in Jerusalem – Inside Israel |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=20 May 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref> In addition, increasing numbers of Jewish immigrants chose to settle in Jerusalem. In the last few years, thousands of Palestinians have moved to previously fully Jewish neighbourhoods of East Jerusalem, built after the 1967 Six-Day War. In 2007, 1,300 Palestinians lived in the previously exclusively Jewish neighbourhood of [[Pisgat Ze'ev]] and constituted three percent of the population in [[Neve Ya'akov]]. In the [[French Hill (neighborhood)|French Hill]] neighbourhood, Palestinians today constitute one-sixth of the overall population.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Hubbard |url=http://www.cjp.org/page.aspx?id=206230 |title=Holy city twist: Arabs moving into Jewish areas |work=Cjp.org |access-date=7 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730093730/http://www.cjp.org/page.aspx?id=206230 |archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>[[File:Jerusalem vista.jpg|thumb|[[Sheikh Jarrah]], a predominantly Arab neighbourhood on the road to [[Mount Scopus]]]]At the end of 2008, the population of East Jerusalem was 456,300, comprising 60% of Jerusalem's residents. Of these, 195,500 (43%) were Jews, (comprising 40% of the Jewish population of Jerusalem as a whole), and 260,800 (57%) were Muslim (comprising 98% of the Muslim population of Jerusalem).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chosen |first1=Maya |last2=Korach |first2=Michal |title=Jerusalem: Facts and Trends 2006–2010 |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/en/publications/jerusalem-facts-and-trends-2009-2010/ |website=Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref> In 2008, the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] reported the number of Palestinians living in East Jerusalem was 208,000 according to a recently completed census.<ref name=grow>{{cite web |title=Palestinians grow by a million in decade |publisher=The Jerusalem Post/AP |date=9 February 2008 |url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=91497 |access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref>

Jerusalem's Jewish population is overwhelmingly religious. Only 18% of Jewish residents are secular. In addition, [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jews]] comprise 35% of the city's adult Jewish population. In a phenomenon seen rarely around the world, the percentage of Jewish women who work, 81%, exceeds the percentage of Jewish men who work, 70%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/shnaton_G0522_64-25-1.pdf |title=Table VII/5 – Population Aged 25–64 in Jerusalem, by Labor Force Characteristics Population Group and Religious Identification, 2021 |website=jerusaleminstitute.org}}</ref>

Jerusalem had a population of 804,400 in 2011, of which Jews comprised 499,400 (62.1%), Muslims 281,100 (34.9%), Christians 14,700 (1.8%), and 9,000 (1.1%) were not classified by religion.<ref name=PopRel/>

Jerusalem had a population of 882,700 in 2016, of which Jews comprised 536,600 (60.8%), Muslims 319,800 (36.2%), Christians 15,800 (1.8%), and 10,300 unclassified (1.2%).<ref name=PopRel/>

Jerusalem had a population of 951,100 in 2020, of which [[Jews]] comprised 570,100 (59.9%), [[Muslims]] 353.800 (37.2%), [[Christians]] 16.300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).<ref name=PopRel/>

According to [[Peace Now]], approvals for building in Israeli settlements in [[East Jerusalem]] have expanded by 60% under Donald Trump's term as U.S. president.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apnews.com/98e4ad57e0784e05b9fdde2e0ffd7439 |title=New data shows Israeli settlement surge in east Jerusalem |date=12 September 2019 |work=Associated Press |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> Since 1991, Palestinians, who make up the majority of the residents in East Jerusalem, have only received 30% of the building permits.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5587170,00.html |title=New data shows Israeli settlement surge in east Jerusalem |work=Ynetnews |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>[[File:Armenian_Patriarchate_Road_sign_in_Armenian,_Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Sign in [[Armenian language|Armenian]] in the [[Armenian Quarter]]]]

===Urban planning issues===
Critics of efforts to promote a Jewish majority in Jerusalem say that government planning policies are motivated by demographic considerations and seek to limit Arab construction while promoting Jewish construction.<ref>Allison Hodgkins, "The Judaization of Jerusalem – Israeli Policies Since 1967"; PASSIA publication No. 101, December 1996, (English, p. 88)</ref> According to a [[World Bank]] report, the number of recorded building violations between 1996 and 2000 was four and half times higher in Jewish neighbourhoods but four times fewer demolition orders were issued in West Jerusalem than in East Jerusalem; Arabs in Jerusalem were less likely to receive construction permits than Jews, and "the authorities are much more likely to take action against Palestinian violators" than Jewish violators of the permit process.<ref name=worldbank/> In recent years, private Jewish foundations have received permission from the government to develop projects on disputed lands, such as the [[City of David (archaeological site)|City of David archaeological site]] in the 60% Arab neighbourhood of [[Silwan]] (adjacent to the Old City),<ref>{{cite news |first=Meron |last=Rapoport |url=http://news.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=530047&contrassID=1 |title=Land lords |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=20 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220142640/http://news.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=530047&contrassID=1 |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> and the [[Museum of Tolerance Jerusalem|Museum of Tolerance]] on Mamilla Cemetery (adjacent to Zion Square).<ref name=worldbank>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf "Movement and Access Restrictions in the West Bank: Uncertainty and Inefficiency"]; World Bank Technical Team, 9 May 2007</ref><ref>Esther Zandberg.[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/825662.html "The architectural conspiracy of silence"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506043837/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/825662.html |date=6 May 2005 }}; Haaretz, 24 February 2007</ref>