Islamic terrorism

== Examples of organizations and acts ==
{{Further|List of designated terrorist groups}}
{{See also|United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations}}[[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|thumb|The "black flag of [[Jihad]]", used by various Islamist organisations since the late 1990s, consists of a white-on-black [[shahada]].]]

Some prominent Islamic terror groups and incidents include the following:

=== Africa ===
In the 1990s, a distinct pattern of jihadist attacks in East Africa emerged. In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) defeated [[Somali warlords]] which resulted in an armed jihadist movement controlling a territory of their own. The ICU was later militarily defeated and al-Shabaab was formed from its remnants. Al-Shabaab would later ally itself with al-Qaeda. In 2017, the [[European Union Institute for Security Studies|EUISS]] noted an increased frequency of jihadist violence in an arc extending across borders from the [[Red Sea]] to the [[Gulf of Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=African futures: Horizon 2025|last=Arnould, Valérie|others=Strazzari, Francesco,, Institute for Security Studies (Paris, France)|year=2017|isbn=9789291986316|location=Paris|pages=47|oclc=1006747525}}</ref>

==== Algeria ====
{{main|Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)}}
The [[Armed Islamic Group]], active in Algeria between 1992 and 1998, was one of the most violent Islamic terrorist groups, and is thought to have [[takfir]]ed the Muslim population of Algeria. Its campaign to overthrow the Algerian government included [[List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s|civilian massacres]], sometimes wiping out entire villages in its area of operation. It also targeted foreigners living in Algeria, killing more than 100 expatriates in the country. In recent years it has been eclipsed by a splinter group, the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), now called [[Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb]].<ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Jihad'', (2003)</ref>

==== Burkina Faso ====
In January 2016, terrorists from [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] (AQIM) [[2016 Ouagadougou attacks|shot and killed 30 people at the Splendid Hotel]] in Ouagadougou.<ref name="Welle www.dw.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/de/burkina-faso-islamistische-gefahr-aus-dem-innern/a-41056722|title=Burkina Faso: Islamistische Gefahr aus dem Innern |date=20 October 2017 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=de-DE|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>

In an August [[2017 Ouagadougou attack]], 19 people were killed, and 25 others were injured when [[al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb|al-Qaeda's Maghreb jihadists affiliates]] opened fire on a Turkish restaurant and hotel.

During the March [[2018 Ouagadougou attacks]], terrorists affiliated with [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] killed 8 people and injured more than 85.

The terrorist organization [[Ansar ul Islam (Western Africa)|Ansar ul Islam]] is active in Burkina Faso and has conducted assassinations, looting, attacks on police and has closed hundreds of schools.<ref name="Welle www.dw.com" />

==== Egypt ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Egypt}}
Egypt has faced Islamist violence in repeated attacks since the 2011 Arab Spring uprising.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/egypt-kills-40-suspected-militants-after-tourist-bus-attack/a-46893439 |title=Egypt kills 40 suspected militants after tourist bus attack {{!}} DW {{!}} 29 December 2018 |last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB  |access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref>

On 17 November 1997, a splinter group of the [[al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya]], an Egyptian [[Islamist]] organization, carried out the [[Luxor massacre]] where 62 people were killed. Most of the killed were tourists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/741/eg1.htm|title=Fearing the worst|date=5 May 2005|access-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924131816/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/741/eg1.htm|archive-date=24 September 2013|url-status=dead|work=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref>

On 29 December 2017 in Cairo, [[Attack on Saint Menas church|a gunman opened fire at the Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Menas]] and a nearby shop owned by a Coptic man. Ten citizens and a police officer were killed around ten people were injured in the attack which was claimed by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic state]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masrawy.com/news/news_egypt/details/2017/12/29/1230869/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-|title=رسميًا.. داعش يُعلن مسؤوليته عن هجوم كنيسة مارمينا بحلوان|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/mass-funeral-held-helwan-church-victims-coptic-orthodox-church/|title=Mass funeral to be held for Helwan church victims: Coptic Orthodox Church – Egypt Independent|date=29 December 2017|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

==== Kenya ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Kenya}}
During the 1990s, Muslims in Kenya received religious radical instruction from [[Al-Qaeda]] and Somali group l-Itihad al-Islami (AIAI). AIAI sought to create an Islamic government over Somalia and the Ogaden region in Ethiopia. In Kenya, it recruited among [[Somalis in Kenya]] living in the [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)|North Eastern Province]] and the [[Eastleigh, Nairobi|Eastleigh district in Nairobi]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://ctc.usma.edu/terrorist-attacks-in-kenya-reveal-domestic-radicalization/|title=Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization|date=29 October 2012|website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point|language=en-US|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801212030/https://ctc.usma.edu/terrorist-attacks-in-kenya-reveal-domestic-radicalization/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 7 August 1998, [[1998 United States embassy bombings|Al-Qaeda attacked the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi]] in an attack that claimed 213 lives.<ref name=":6" />

On 28 November 2002, Al-Qaeda militants [[2002 Mombasa attacks|attacked an Israeli-owned hotel in Mombasa]] where 15 were killed. Militants also fired [[Man-portable air-defense system|shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missiles]] at an airliner which escaped unharmed.<ref name=":6" />

On Saturday 21 September 2013, [[Westgate shopping mall attack|four Al-Shabaab militants attacked a shopping mall in Nairobi]], shooting and throwing grenades at shoppers. The civilian death toll was 61, along with six soldiers and five of the attackers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-nairobi-attack-and-al-shababs-media-strategy/|title=The Nairobi Attack and Al-Shabab's Media Strategy|date=24 October 2013|website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point|language=en-US|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923063727/https://ctc.usma.edu/the-nairobi-attack-and-al-shababs-media-strategy/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2015, 147 people were killed by Al-Shabaab militants during the [[Garissa University College attack]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32169080|title=Kenya university attack kills 147|date=3 April 2015|access-date=18 March 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref>

After Al-Shabaab abducted foreign aid workers and tourists in Kenya, Kenyan troops were sent to Somalia in October 2011 to pursue al-Shabab militants. In the wake of the intervention, Kenya has suffered a number of attacks carried out both by al-Shabaab militants as well as Kenyan Muslim recruited by radical clerics in [[Provinces of Kenya|North-Eastern and Coast provinces]].<ref name=":6" />

==== Mali ====
{{Main|Category:Islamic terrorism in Mali}}

==== Mauritius ====
In 2011, Mauritian shop-keeper Reaz Lauthan travelled to Syria to join Islamic State and participate in the war. In Mauritius Reaz Lauthan had established Al Muhajiroun, an organisation which promoted the relinquishment of Islamic traditions that originated from India. However Lauthan's group disintegrated and he made his way to Syria. He returned to Mauritius in 2012 and befriended members of a new  Islamic group called Hizb ul Tahrir. He died in 2013 in Syria soon after returning there to participate in Islamic State's activities. 4 other Mauritians had attempted to join Reaz Lauthan in Syria but were refused entry at the Turkish border.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avant Yogen Sundrun: Reaz Lauthan, un Mauricien en Syrie… |date=12 December 2015 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/272823/avant-yogen-sundrun-reaz-lauthan-un-mauricien-en-syrie |publisher=L'Express |access-date=2015-12-12}}</ref>

In August 2014, Mauritians Mohammed Iqbal Golamaully, aged 48, and his wife, Nazimabee Golamaully, aged 45, provided financial support to their nephew Zafirr Golamaully who had left Mauritius in March 2014 to fight for Islamic State in Syria after travelling via Dubai and Turkey. The couple was eventually jailed in 2016. Zafirr Golamaully's sister Lubnaa also left Mauritius to join him in Syria. Hospital director Mohammed Iqbal Golamaully had also encouraged Lubnaa to become familiar with the new gun that Zafirr had purchased for her. Mohammed Iqbal Golamaully also instructed Lubnaa to "revolutionise the Islamic Concept amongst our close relatives". Using a pseudonym "Abu Hud" Zafirr Golamaully posted hate messages on Twitter following the terrorist attack against magazine Charlie Hebdo in Paris in January 2015. On other social media sites Zafirr Golamaully used pseudonym "Paladin of Jihad" to provide advice to would-be jihadists on how to avoid deportation by Turkish immigration officials.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Press Association |title=South London couple plead guilty to funding nephew fighting for Isis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/03/south-london-couple-plead-guilty-to-funding-nephew-fighting-for-isis |work=The Guardian |date=3 October 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Swann |first1=Steve |title=Couple jailed for funding Islamic State fighter nephew |work=BBC News |date=22 November 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-38056207 |access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Djihadistes mauriciens: des amis de Zafirr et Lubnaa Golamaully racontent |date=8 October 2016 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/291164/djihadistes-mauriciens-amis-zafirr-et-lubnaa-golamaully-racontent |publisher=L'Express |access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abel |first1=Vinesen |title=Zafirr et Lubnaa Golamaully, deux ex-élèves de collèges d'élite devenus terroristes |date=5 October 2016 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/290933/zafirr-et-lubnaa-golamaully-deux-ex-eleves-colleges-delite-devenus-terroristes |publisher=L'Express |access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

In December 2015, Islamic State issued a video on social media which showed Mauritian citizen Yogen Sundrun who used his pseudonym Abu Shuaib Al Afriqi to claim that IS fighters will liberate Mauritius soon. The video prominently featured a flag of Daesh. Yogen Sundrun also urged other Mauritians, especially nurses and doctors, to travel to the lands of Islamic State. In 2014, Yogen Sundrun had released an earlier video, intended for South Africans at the time of Eid, and encouraging them to join the "Caliphate of Daesh". In that video he held his daughter in his arms and stated "This is my fifth daughter in the Khilafah, praise be God. Brothers and sisters, I don't have the words to express myself about the happiness to be here…". Around him children held fire-arms.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arouff |first1=Jean Paul |last2=Harelle |first2=Audrey |title=Dans une vidéo de propagande: un Mauricien appelle à rejoindre Daech |date=9 December 2015 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/video/272693/dans-une-video-propagande-un-mauricien-appelle-rejoindre-daech |publisher=L'Express |access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref>

During the night of Sunday 29 May 2016 and the following morning, several gunshots were fired at the French Embassy located in the capital city [[Port Louis]]. Graffiti was also painted by the attackers on the front fence of the compound which referred to Islamic State and claims that their prophet Abu Bakr Baghdadi had been insulted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunshots fired at French Embassy in Mauritius |url=https://www.africanews.com/2016/05/30/gunshots-fired-near-french-embassy-in-mauritius-police-on-alert// |website=Africa News |date=30 May 2016 |access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Descours |first1=Guillaume |title=Île Maurice: des coups de feu tirés contre l'ambassade de France |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2016/05/30/01016-20160530ARTFIG00227-le-maurice-des-coups-de-feu-tires-contre-l-ambassade-de-france.php |website=Le Figaro |date=30 May 2016 |access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

Following the murder of Manan Fakhoo in January 2021, who was shot dead in [[Beau Bassin-Rose Hill|Beau-Bassin]] by hitmen riding a motorbike, Javed Meetoo, a resident of Vallee Pitôt and member of Daesh ([[Islamic State]]), was arrested and charged with "harbouring terrorist" on 14 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meurtre de Manan Fakoo: Le prédicateur islamiste Javed Meetoo |url=https://www.zinfos-moris.com/Meurtre-de-Manan-Fakoo-le-predicateur-islamiste-Javed-Meetoo-serait-l-un-des-cinq-suspects_a20729.html |publisher=Zinfos |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lovina Sophie |first1=Lovina Sophie |title=Assassinat de Manan Fakhoo: Javed Meetoo inculpé sous le "Prevention of Terrorism Act" |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/406104/assassinat-manan-fakhoo-javed-meetoo-inculpe-sous-prevention-terrorism-act |work=L'Express |date=15 March 2022 |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> In March 2021, Yassiin Meetou had confessed that he had assisted shooter Ajmal Aumeeruddy and Ajam Beeharry of Camp Yoloff by transporting them and their motorbike to shoot Manan Fakhoo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manan Fakhoo assassination: an investigator offers the status of "star witness" to Yassiin Meetou |url=https://mauritiushindinews.com/hindi-newspaper-in-mauritius/manan-fakhoo-assassination-an-investigator-offers-the-status-of-star-witness-to-yassiin-meetou/ |publisher=Mauritius News & L'Express |access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>

==== Morocco ====
{{See also|Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group|Salafia Jihadia|Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)}}

The majority of the perpetrators directly and indirectly involved in the [[2004 Madrid train bombings]] were Moroccans. In the aftermath of that attack, Morocco became a focus of attention for anti-terrorist authorities in [[#Spain|Spain]].<ref name="ispi2018" />

While Morocco is generally seen as a secure destination for tourists as the last terrorist attack happened in [[2011 Marrakesh bombing|2011 where 17 people were killed by bomb at a restaurant in Marrakesh]], over 1600 people have travelled from Morocco to join the Islamic State in the [[Syrian Civil War]]. Moroccan authorities initially ignored the people who joined ISIS but later on realised they could return to commit terrorist offences in Morocco. As a result, the ''Bureau Central d'Investigations Judiciaires'' (BCIJ) was formed.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=https://jyllands-posten.dk/premium/indblik/Indland/ECE11086519/mindst-1600-marokkanere-sluttede-sig-til-is-nu-har-marokko-et-problem-med-hellige-krigere/|title=Hundreder af tikkende bomber i landet, som Islamisk Stat styrede udenom i syv år|date=20 December 2018|website=jyllands-posten.dk|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref>

In the 2013–2017 period, anti-terrorist authorities in Morocco, in cooperation with their counterparts in Spain, conducted up to eleven joint operations against jihadist cells and networks.<ref name="ispi2018" />

In 2016, the government developed a strategy to further adherence to the [[Maliki]] Islamic school of thought. The authorities removed Quranic passages that were deemed too violent from religious education textbooks. As a result, the textbooks were reduced to 24 lessons from the 50 lessons they had before.<ref name="ispi2018" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20161213-focus-morocco-school-reform-religious-education-islam-fight-extremism|title=FOCUS – Morocco reforms religious education to fight extremism|date=13 December 2016|publisher=France 24|language=en|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>

In 2017, it was estimated that {{Val|1623}} Moroccans and 2000 Moroccan-Europeans had travelled to join the Islamic State caliphate in the [[Syrian Civil War]], which along with other fighters from MENA countries contributed a significant force to ISIS.<ref name="ispi2018" />

According to a researcher at the [[Danish Institute for International Studies]], Moroccan authorities appear to have a good grip on the jihadist situation and cooperates with European and US authorities. Moroccans are overrepresented in "diaspora terrorism", that is terrorism which takes place outside the borders of Morocco. For example, two Moroccans were behind the [[2017 London Bridge attack]] and a Moroccan killed people by driving his van into pedestrians in [[La Rambla, Barcelona|La Rambla]] in the [[2017 Barcelona attacks|2017 Barcelona terrorist attacks]].<ref name=":03" />

==== Mozambique ====

Mozambique has seen an Islamist insurgency and terror attacks, by Ansar al-Sunna and ISIL, starting with October 2017, in the [[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado|Cabo Delgado Province]]. By December 2020, more than [[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado|3,500 people have been killed]] and [[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado|more than 400,000 people have been displaced]].

==== Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon insurgency by Boko Haram ====
{{See also|Boko Haram insurgency}}

[[Boko Haram]] is an Islamic extremist group based in northeastern Nigeria which began violent attacks in 2009, also active in Chad, Niger and northern Cameroon. In the 2009–2018 period, more than 27,000 people have been killed in the fighting in the countries around [[Lake Chad]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15336689|title=Who are Somalia's al-Shabab?|date=22 December 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=4 January 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="thedefensepost.com">{{Cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2018/09/29/chad-troops-kill-17-boko-haram-6-dead-lake-chad/|title=Chad troops kill 17 Boko Haram militants after 6 killed in Lake Chad attacks|date=29 September 2018|website=The Defense Post|language=en-US|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>

A study from June 2021 by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) estimates that nearly 350,000 have been killed by the [[Boko Haram insurgency]].<ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/northeast-nigeria-insurgency-has-killed-almost-350000-un-2021-06-24/|title=Northeast Nigeria insurgency has killed almost 350,000 – UN|date=24 June 2021|work=Reuters|language=en-US|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>

Boko Haram consists of two factions, one is led by [[Abubakar Shekau]] and it uses suicide bombings and kill civilians indiscriminately. The other is named Islamic State West Africa Province and it generally attacks military and government installations.<ref name="thedefensepost.com" />

==== Somalia and the Horn of Africa ====
[[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] is a militant jihadist terrorist group based in East Africa, which emerged in 2006 as the youth wing of the [[Islamic Courts Union]]. A number of foreign jihadists{{Who|date=January 2019}} have gone to Somalia to support al-Shabaab. In 2012, it pledged allegiance to the militant Islamist organization Al-Qaeda. It is a participant in the Somali Civil War, and is reportedly being used by Egypt to destabilize Ethiopia, and attracting converts from predominantly Christian Kenya.<ref name=":5" />

In 2010, the group [[July 2010 Kampala attacks|killed 76 people watching the 2010 World Cup in Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24379013|title=In prison with al-Shabab: What drives Somali militants?|date=5 October 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=4 January 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2017, al-Shabaab was estimated to have about 7000–9000 fighters. It has imposed a strict Sharia law in areas it controls, such as stoning adulterers and amputating hands of thieves.<ref name=":5" />

==== Sudan ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Sudan}}
* [[2000 Jarafa mosque massacre]]

==== Tanzania ====
* [[1998 United States embassy bombings]]

==== Tunisia ====
On 11 April 2002, [[Ghriba synagogue bombing|a Tunisian Al-Qaeda operative used a truck bomb to attack]] the [[El Ghriba synagogue]] on [[Djerba]] island. The attack killed 19 people and injured 30 and was planned by [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] and financed by a [[Pakistanis in Spain|Pakistani resident of Spain]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQbRDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT88|title=Al-Qaeda's Revenge: The 2004 Madrid Train Bombings|last=Reinares|first=Fernando|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-80140-9|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ctc.usma.edu/fifteen-years-after-the-djerba-synagogue-bombing/|title=Fifteen Years after the Djerba Synagogue Bombing|date=14 April 2017|website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point|language=en-US|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206103743/https://ctc.usma.edu/fifteen-years-after-the-djerba-synagogue-bombing/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 18 March 2015, [[Bardo National Museum attack|three militants attacked the Bardo National Museum]] in the [[Tunisia]]n capital city of [[Tunis]], and took hostages. Twenty-one people, mostly European tourists, were killed at the scene, and an additional victim died ten days later. Around fifty others were injured.<ref name="nytimes12">{{cite news|date=18 March 2015|title=The Latest: French President Mourns Tunisia Victims|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/18/world/middleeast/ap-ml-tunisia-attack-the-latest.html|url-status=dead|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320215139/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/18/world/middleeast/ap-ml-tunisia-attack-the-latest.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-tunisia-museum-attack-20150318-story.html#page=1|title=Museum attack a 'great calamity' for Tunisia's young democracy|date=18 March 2015|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto">[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/tunisia-death-toll-in-museum-attack-rises-to-23/ar-BBiqmqN Death toll rises to 23] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123113/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/tunisia-death-toll-in-museum-attack-rises-to-23/ar-BBiqmqN |date=5 January 2018 }}, MSN. Retrieved 19 March 2015.</ref> Two of the gunmen, Tunisian citizens Yassine Labidi and Saber Khachnaoui were killed by police. Police treated the event as a [[terrorist attack]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/3/18/tourists-killed-in-tunisia-museum-assault.html|title=21 dead in Tunisia attack, Including Gunmen|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/11479898/Gunmen-take-hostages-in-attack-on-Tunisia-parliament.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318130121/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/11479898/Gunmen-take-hostages-in-attack-on-Tunisia-parliament.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2015|title=Gunmen 'take hostages' in attack on Tunisia parliament.|last1=Marszal|first1=Andrew|date=18 March 2015|work=The Telegraph|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>

In June 2015, a mass shooting claimed by the Islamic State [[2015 Sousse attacks|was carried out at a hotel by Seifeddine Rezgui]]. Thirty-eight people were killed, the majority of whom were tourists from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150626-tunisia-deadly-shooting-beach-resort-gunmen|title=Scores killed in terror attack on Tunisian beach resort|date=26 June 2015|publisher=France 24|language=en|access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref>

==== Uganda ====
* [[2010 Kampala bombings]]. On 11 July 2010, [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] carried out suicide bombings at two locations in Kampala, the capital city of [[Uganda]]. The attacks left [[2010 Kampala bombings|74 dead and 85 injured]].
* [[2021 Uganda bombings]]. From late October to mid-November 2021, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and the Islamic State organization carried out four bombing attacks across [[Uganda]].

=== Central Asia ===

==== Afghanistan ====
According to [[Human Rights Watch]], [[Taliban]] and [[Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin]] forces have "sharply escalated bombing and other attacks" against civilians since 2006. In 2006, "at least 669 Afghan civilians were killed in at least 350 armed attacks, most of which appear to have been intentionally launched at civilians or civilian objects".<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/afghanistan0407/ ''The Human Cost: The Consequences of Insurgent Attacks in Afghanistan'']. April 2007. Volume 19, No. 6(C). [[Human Rights Watch]]/</ref>

==== Kyrgyzstan ====
[[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz]]-American brothers [[Dzhokhar Tsarnaev]] and [[Tamerlan Tsarnaev]] were responsible for the [[Boston Marathon bombing]].

==== Tajikistan ====
The government blamed the IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) for training those responsible for carrying out a suicide car bombing of a police station in [[Khujand]] on 3 September 2010. Two policemen were killed and 25 injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/car-bomber-kills-2-in-tajikistan-1143|title=Car Bomber Kills 2 in Tajikistan|newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=6 September 2010 |access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref>

==== Uzbekistan ====
{{See also|Terrorism in Uzbekistan}}

On 16 February 1999, six car bombs exploded in Tashkent, killing 16 and injuring more than 100, in what may have been an attempt to assassinate President [[Islam Karimov]]. The IMU was blamed.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Abdumannob|last1=Polat|first2=Nickolai|last2=Butkevich|url=http://www.iicas.org/english/Krsten_4_12_00.htm |title=Unraveling the Mystery of the Tashkent Bombings: Theories and Implications|date=28 November 2000 |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030611072650/http://iicas.org/english/Krsten_4_12_00.htm|archive-date=11 June 2003}}</ref>

The IMU launched a series of attacks in Tashkent and [[Bukhara]] in March and April 2004. Gunmen and [[female suicide bomber]]s took part in the attacks, which mainly targeted police. The violence killed 33 militants, 10 policemen, and four civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/reports/centralasia/2004/04/14-070404.asp|title=Central Asia Report: 7 April 2004|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> The government blamed [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Hooman|last=Peimani|url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/view_article.php?articleid=2299|title=Uzbekistan's reaction to Tashkent bombings generate doubts on efficacy|publisher=cacianalyst.org|date=21 April 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040617000825/http://www.cacianalyst.org/view_article.php?articleid=2299|archive-date=17 June 2004}}</ref> though the [[Islamic Jihad Union]] (IJU) claimed responsibility.<ref name="rferl.org">{{cite web |first=Gulnoza |last=Saidazimova|url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/09/6ec8adad-f98f-413d-95e1-776074d74a24.html|title=Germany: Authorities Say Uzbekistan-Based Group Behind Terrorist Plot|publisher=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |date=6 September 2007 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911181849/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/09/6ec8adad-f98f-413d-95e1-776074d74a24.html|archive-date=11 September 2007}}</ref>

[[Furkat Kasimovich Yusupov]] was arrested in the first half of 2004, and charged as the leader of a group that had carried out the 28 March bombing on behalf of Hizb ut-Tahrir.<ref name=Rfe2004-07-27>{{cite news|first=Bruce|last=Pannier|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1054045.html|title=Uzbekistan: 'Terror' Trial Likely To Hold Few Surprises|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=27 July 2004|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081213124934/http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1054045.html|archive-date=13 December 2008}}</ref>

On 30 July 2004, suicide bombers struck the entrances of the US and Israeli embassies in Tashkent. Two Uzbek security guards were killed in both bombings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3532518.stm|title=US FBI joins Uzbek blast inquiry|work=BBC News |date=3 August 2004 |access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref> The IJU again claimed responsibility.<ref name="rferl.org" />

Foreign commentators on Uzbek affairs speculated that the 2004 violence could have been the work of the IMU, Al-Qaeda, Hizb ut-Tahrir, or some other radical Islamic organization.<ref name="CRISIS">{{cite journal|last=Rotar|first=Igor|author-link=Igor Rotar|date=19 May 2005 |title=Terrorism in Uzbekistan: A self-made crisis|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=400&no_cache=1|journal=Terrorism Monitor, Jamestown Foundation|volume=2|issue=8|access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=CORNELL>{{cite news|first=Kathleen|last=Knox|url=http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/8147-18.cfm|title=Uzbekistan: Who's Behind The Violence?|publisher=[[Johnson's Russia List]]|issue=18 – JRL 8147|year=2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404040430/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/8147-18.cfm|archive-date=4 April 2004}}</ref>

=== East Asia ===

==== China ====
{{Main|Terrorism in China}}
* [[1992 Ürümqi bombings]]
* [[1997 Ürümqi bus bombings]]
* [[2010 Aksu bombing]]
* [[2013 Tiananmen Square attack]]
* [[Kunming station massacre]]
* [[April 2014 Ürümqi attack]]
* [[May 2014 Ürümqi attack]]

=== South Asia ===

==== Bangladesh ====
{{See also|Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh}}
In Bangladesh, the group [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh]] was formed sometime in 1998, and gained prominence in 2001.<ref name="satp">[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/terroristoutfits/JMB.htm Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB)], from South Asia Terrorism Portal</ref> The organization was officially banned in February 2005 after attacks on [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], but struck back in August when 300 bombs were detonated almost simultaneously throughout Bangladesh, targeting [[Shahjalal International Airport]], government buildings and major hotels.<ref>{{cite news|first=Maneeza|last=Hossain|url=http://www.defenddemocracy.org/in_the_media/in_the_media_show.htm?doc_id=358521|title=The Rising Tide of Islamism in Bangladesh|publisher=defenddemocracy.org|date=16 February 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060405221840/http://www.defenddemocracy.org/in_the_media/in_the_media_show.htm?doc_id=358521|archive-date=5 April 2006}}</ref><ref>''The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism'', Columbia University Press (2007), pp. 69–70</ref>

The [[Ansarullah Bangla Team]] ('''ABT'''), also called '''Ansar Bangla''' is an Islamic extremist organization in Bangladesh, implicated in crimes including some brutal [[Attacks on atheists in Bangladesh|attacks and murders of atheist bloggers]] from 2013 to 2015 and a bank heist in April 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/may/25/ansarullah-bangla-team-banned|title=Ansarullah Bangla Team banned|work=dhakatribune.com|date=25 May 2015|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527045656/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/67459/Ansarullah-Bangla-Team-banned|archive-date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

[[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] ({{lang-ar|حركة الجهاد الإسلامي}}, ''Ḥarkat al-Jihād al-Islāmiyah'', meaning "Islamic Jihad Movement", '''HuJI''') is an [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] organisation most active in South Asian countries of Pakistan, Bangladesh and India since the early 1990s. It was banned in Bangladesh in 2005.

==== India ====
{{See also|Terrorism in India|Category:Islamic terrorism in India}}

[[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], [[Al Badr]] & [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] are militant groups seeking accession of [[Kashmir]] to [[Pakistan]] from [[India]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=Lashkar-e-Toiba|title=Lashkar-e-Toiba |dictionary=dictionary.com |year=2003 |access-date=27 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811141123/http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=lashkar-e-toiba |archive-date=11 August 2004}}</ref> The Lashkar leadership describes Indian and Israel regimes as the main enemies of Islam and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mir|first=Amir|year=2005|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GC11Df07.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311133403/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GC11Df07.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=11 March 2005|title=The jihad lives on|publisher=Asia Times Online Ltd.|access-date=24 June 2006}}</ref> Lashkar-e-Toiba, along with [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], another militant group active in [[Kashmir]] are on the United States' foreign terrorist organizations list, and are also designated as terrorist groups by the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishhighcommission.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1031627751059 |title=Speech by the Prime Minister the Rt Hon Tony Blair MP to the Confederation of Indian Industry Bangalore, India 5 January 2002 |publisher=britishhighcommission.gov |date=January 2002 |access-date=24 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123113931/http://www.britishhighcommission.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1031627751059 |archive-date=23 November 2007 }}</ref> India, Australia<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Geoff|url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1107792.htm|title=Is Lashkar-e-Toiba still operating in Pakistan?|work=PM|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=13 May 2004|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ppu.org.uk/war/countries/asia/pakistan.html|title=Wars and Armed Conflicts: Current Situation|work=Peace Pledge Union|date=27 July 2002 |access-date=25 June 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219133310/http://www.ppu.org.uk/war/countries/asia/pakistan.html|archive-date=19 December 2005}}</ref> Jaish-e-Mohammed was formed in 1994 and has carried out a series of attacks all over India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1804228.stm |title=SOUTH ASIA &#124; Jaish-e-Mohammad: A profile |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2002 |access-date=25 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Attack_May_Spoil_Kashmir_Summit.html |title=Attack May Spoil Kashmir Summit |publisher=Spacewar.com |access-date=25 April 2010}}</ref> The group was formed after the supporters of [[Maulana Masood Azhar]] split from another Islamic militant organization, [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]]. Jaish-e-Mohammed is viewed by some as the "deadliest" and "the principal terrorist organization in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]".<ref name="fas">{{cite web|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations|url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf|publisher=fas.org|access-date=6 February 2008}}</ref> The group was also implicated in the kidnapping and murder of American journalist [[Daniel Pearl]].<ref name="fas" /> All these groups coordinate under leadership of Syed Salahuddin's [[United Jihad Council]].

Some major bomb blasts and attacks in India were perpetrated by Islamic militants from Pakistan, e.g., the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] and [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]].

[[2006 Mumbai train bombings]] killed 209 people and injured 700 more. It was carried out by banned [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] terrorist groups.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/all-you-need-to-know-about-711/article7640887.ece|title=All you need to know about the 7/11 Mumbai train blasts|last=Desk|first=Internet|date=11 September 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 August 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== Pakistan ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Pakistan}}

==== Sri Lanka ====
The [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings]], orchestrated by the [[National Thowheeth Jama'ath]],<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/22/world/asia/ntj-sri-lanka-national-thowheeth-jamaath.html |title = Local Group is Blamed for Attacks, but Sri Lanka Suspects 'International Network'|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 22 April 2019|last1 = Bradsher|first1 = Keith|last2 = Garcia|first2 = Sandra E.}}</ref> were the deadliest terrorist attack in the country since [[Sri Lankan Civil War|its civil war]] ended on 16 May 2009. The bombings killed 269 people and injured more than 500.

=== Southeast Asia ===

==== Indonesia ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Indonesia}}

==== Philippines ====
{{See also|Terrorism in the Philippines}}

The [[Abu Sayyaf|Abu Sayyaf Group]], also known as al-Harakat al-Islamiyya, is one of several militant Islamic-separatist groups based in and around the southern islands of [[Philippines|the Philippines]], in [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] ([[Jolo]], [[Basilan]], and [[Mindanao]]) where for almost 30 years various Muslim groups have been engaged in an insurgency for a state, independent of the predominantly [[Christians|Christian]] [[Philippines]]. The name of the group is derived from the Arabic ابو, ''[[ab (Semitic)|abu]]'' ("father of") and ''sayyaf'' ("Swordsmith").<ref name="24threlease">{{cite press release|title=FBI updates most wanted terrorists and seeking information – War on Terrorism Lists|date=24 February 2006|publisher=FBI National Press Office|url=https://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel06/mostwantedterrorists022406.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805113636/http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel06/mostwantedterrorists022406.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009}}</ref> Since its inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, [[assassination]]s, [[kidnapping]]s and [[extortion]] in their fight for an independent [[Islamic state]] in western Mindanao and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] with the stated goal of creating a [[pan-Islamic]] superstate across [[southeast Asia]], spanning from east to west; the island of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, the island of [[Borneo]] (Malaysia, Indonesia), the [[South China Sea]], and the [[Malay Peninsula]] ([[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Thailand]] and [[Burma|Myanmar]]).<ref name="TKBAbu">{{cite web|url=http://tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=204|title=Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)|publisher=MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base|access-date=20 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827045351/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=204|archive-date=27 August 2006}}</ref> The [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] has branded the group a terrorist entity by adding it to the list of [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organizations]].<ref name="TKBAbu" />

==== Thailand ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Thailand}}
Most of the terrorist incidents in Thailand are related to the [[South Thailand insurgency]].

=== Europe ===
{{Main|Islamic terrorism in Europe|Al-Qaeda activities in Europe}}
{{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars}}
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Lethal attacks on civilians in Europe which have been credited to Islamist terrorism include the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|2004 bombings of commuter trains in Madrid]], where 191 people were killed, the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]], also of public transport, which killed 52 commuters, and the 2015 [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]], in [[Paris]], where 12 people were killed in response to the satirical weekly newspaper ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]'' depicting cartoons of [[Muhammad]]. On 13 November 2015 the French capital suffered [[November 2015 Paris attacks|a series of coordinated attacks]], claimed by [[ISIS]], that killed 129 people in restaurants, the [[Bataclan theatre]] and the [[Stade de France]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dearden|first1=Lizzie|title=Paris attack: Isis warns 'This is just the beginning' after killing at least 127 people in French capital|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-this-is-just-the-beginning-isis-vows-after-killing-at-least-127-people-in-french-a6734546.html|access-date=17 November 2015|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 November 2015}}</ref>

Out of 1,009 arrests for terrorism in 2008, 187 were in relation to Islamist terrorism. The report showed that the majority of Islamist terror suspects were second or third generation immigrants.<ref name="Europol-2009a">{{cite web|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/tesat2009_1.pdf|title=EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report TE-SAT 2009|year=2009|publisher=[[Europol]]|page=21|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

In 2009, a [[Europol]] report showed that more than 99% of terrorist attacks in Europe over the last three years were, carried out by non-Muslims.<ref name="Europol-2009a" />{{Page needed|date=December 2018}} Swedish economist [[Tino Sanandaji]] has criticised the use of statistics where the number of attacks are counted instead of the number of killed, since 79% of terrorist deaths 2001–2011 in Europe were due to Islamic terrorism. Therefore, statistics focusing on the number of attacks instead of the number killed are exploited by those who wish to trivialise the phenomenon.<ref name=":1t">{{Cite news|title=Islamists caused overwhelming majority of terrorist deaths in Europe during last decade|url=http://tino.us/2011/02/islamists-caused-overwhelming-majority-of-terrorist-deaths-in-europe-during-last-decade/|work=Tino Sanandaji blog|date=20 February 2011}}</ref> The great difference in the number of attacks versus the number of killed is that separatist attacks in Spain, typically involve vandalism and not killing. So in statistics, the global terrorist plot leading to the 9/11 attack and a party headquarters being vandalised and painted with slogans by domestic terrorists each count as one terrorist attack.<ref name=":1t" /> According to a report by [[Europol]] on terrorism in the [[European Union]], in 2016 "nearly all reported fatalities and most of the casualties were the result of jihadist terrorist attacks." A majority of about two-thirds of all terrorist-related arrests in the EU were also jihadist-related.<ref name="Europol17">{{Cite book|title=EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2017|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/eu-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2017|publisher=Europol|year=2017|page=10|isbn=978-9295200791}}</ref>

The majority of deaths by terrorism in Europe from 2001 to 2014 were caused by Islamic terrorism, not including Islamic terrorist attacks in European Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Daily chart: Terror attacks |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/01/daily-chart-8|newspaper=The Economist|date=15 January 2015}}</ref>

According to the British think tank<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTt0rG_B130C&pg=PA103|title=Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media: A Communication Approach|last=Archetti|first=Cristina|date=29 October 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-36049-5|pages=103|language=en|quote=The London think tank, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR) [...]}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence|ICSR]], up to 40% of terrorist plots in Europe are part-financed through [[petty crime]] such as drug-dealing, theft, robberies, loan fraud and burglaries. Jihadists use ordinary crime as a way to finance their activity and have also argued this to be the "ideologically correct" way to wage jihad in [[Dar al-Harb|non-Muslim lands]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://icsr.info/2016/10/new-icsr-report-criminal-pasts-terrorist-futures-european-jihadists-new-crime-terror-nexus/|title=Criminal Pasts, Terrorist Futures: European Jihadists and the New Crime-Terror Nexus / ICSR|date=11 October 2016|work=[[The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence]]|access-date=14 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

The pattern of jihadist attacks in 2017 led Europol to conclude that terrorists preferred to attack people rather than causing property damage or loss of capital.<ref name="Europol18">{{cite book|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/tesat_2018.pdf|title=European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2018 (TE SAT 2018)|date=2018|publisher=[[Europol]]|isbn=978-92-95200-91-3|pages=5–9, 22–25, 35–36|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620144052/https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/tesat_2018.pdf|archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref>

According to [[Europol]], the jihadist attacks in 2017 had three patterns:<ref name="te_sat_2018_p4">{{cite book|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/tesat_2018.pdf|title=European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2018 (TE SAT 2018)|date=2018|publisher=[[Europol]]|isbn=978-92-95200-91-3|pages=4|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620144052/https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/tesat_2018.pdf|archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref>

*Indiscriminate killings: London [[2017 Westminster attack|March]] & [[2017 London Bridge attack|June]] attacks and [[2017 Barcelona attacks|Barcelona]] attacks.<ref name="te_sat_2018_p4" />
*Attacks on Western lifestyle: the [[Manchester Arena bombing|Manchester bombing in May 2017]].<ref name="te_sat_2018_p4" />
*Attacks on symbols of authority: Paris attacks in February, June and August.<ref name="te_sat_2018_p4" />

The agency's report also noted that jihadist attacks had caused more deaths and casualties than any other type of terrorist attack, that such attacks had become more frequent, and that there had been a decrease in the sophistication and preparation of the attacks.<ref name="Europol18" />

According to [[Susanne Schröter]], the 2017 attacks in European countries showed that the military defeat of the Islamic State did not mean the end of Islamist violence. Schröter also wrote that the events in Europe looked like a delayed implementation of jihadist strategy formulated by [[Abu Musab al Suri|Abu Musab al-Suri]] in 2005, where an intensification of terror should destabilise societies and encourage Muslim youth to revolt. The expected civil war never materialised Europe, but did occur in other regions such as North Africa and the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.normativeorders.net/de/presse/medienecho/40-presse/presse-echo/5606-dschihadisten-als-elitetruppe-des-islams-eine-klare-ablehnung-dieser-position-durch-islamische-verbaende-in-deutschland-fehlt-von-susanne-schroeter|title=Dschihadisten als Elitetruppe des Islams. Eine klare Ablehnung dieser Position durch islamische Verbände in Deutschland fehlt / Von Susanne Schröter|last=Storm|first=Linde|website=normativeorders.net|language=de-de|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027190000/https://www.normativeorders.net/de/presse/medienecho/40-presse/presse-echo/5606-dschihadisten-als-elitetruppe-des-islams-eine-klare-ablehnung-dieser-position-durch-islamische-verbaende-in-deutschland-fehlt-von-susanne-schroeter|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In April 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator estimated there to be 50,000 radicalized Muslims living in Europe.<ref name="ELMUNDO">{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=9 September 2018|language=es}}</ref>

==== Austria ====
* [[2020 Vienna attack]]

==== Belgium ====
{{See also|Terrorist activity in Belgium#Islamist attacks|Islam in Belgium|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#Belgium}}
{{#section-h:Terrorism in Belgium|Islamic terrorism}}

==== Finland ====
{{Main|Islam in Finland}}
{{#section-h:Islam in Finland|Terrorism and radicalisation}}

==== France ====
{{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France|Islam in France}}
France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA).

In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=De-Radicalization in the Mediterranean – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|pages=13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}}</ref> ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref>

In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref>

The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />

Although jihadists in the 2015-onward timeframe legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

* France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" />
*France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref>
*France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" />
*France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" />
In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

==== Germany ====
In the 2015–2020 time span, there were 9 [[Islamic terrorism in Europe|Islamic terrorist attacks]] and thwarted terrorist plots where at least one of the perpetrators had entered Germany as an asylum seeker during the [[European migrant crisis]]. The Islamic terrorists entered Germany either without identity documents or with falsified documents. The number of discovered plots began to decline in 2017. In 2020 German authorities noted that the majority of the asylum seekers entered Germany without identification papers during the crisis and security agencies considered unregulated immigration as problematic from a security aspect.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 July 2020|title=Terroristen "kein Massenphänomen" in der Flüchtlingskrise|url=https://www.merkur.de/politik/terroristen-kein-massenphaenomen-in-fluechtlingskrise-zr-13837730.html|access-date=28 July 2020|website=Merkur.de|language=de}}</ref>

==== Italy ====
{{See also|Terrorism in Italy#Islamic terrorism}}
Despite its proximity to the Middle East and North Africa, relatively porous borders, and a large influx of migrants from Muslim majority countries, Italy has not experienced the same surge in radicalization as other European countries. Just 125 individuals with ties to Italy left to join jihadist groups, compared with Belgium's 470 and Sweden's 300 such individuals in the same period from their much smaller populations. Since the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, there have been a small number of plots either thwarted or failed. Two individuals born in Italy have been involved in terrorist attacks, Youssef Zaghba one of the trio of attackers in the June [[2017 London Bridge attack]] while ISIS sympathizer Tomasso Hosni attacked soldiers at [[Milano Centrale railway station|Milan's Central station]] in May 2017.<ref name="ispi2018" />

Deportation (expulsion) of suspects who are foreign nationals has been the cornerstone of Italy's preventive counter-terrorism strategy against jihadists.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/measure-expulsions-extremism-21804|title=The measure of expulsions for extremism|last=ispisito|date=14 December 2018|website=ISPI|language=en|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> Deportees are prohibited from re-entering Italy and the entire Schengen Area for at least five years. This measure is particularly effective because in Italy, unlike in other Western European countries, many radicalized Muslims are first-generation immigrants without [[Italian nationality law|Italian citizenship]]. As elsewhere in Europe, prison inmates show signs of radicalization while incarcerated. In 2018, 41 individuals were deported upon release.<ref name=":2" /> Of the 147 people deported from 2015 to 2017, all were related to Islamist radicalization and 12 were imams.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last=Marone|first=Francesco|date=13 March 2017|title=The Use of Deportation in Counter-Terrorism: Insights from the Italian Case|website=International Center for Counter-Terrorism|url=https://icct.nl/publication/the-use-of-deportation-in-counter-terrorism-insights-from-the-italian-case/|language=en-US|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134649/https://icct.nl/publication/the-use-of-deportation-in-counter-terrorism-insights-from-the-italian-case/|url-status=dead}}</ref> From January 2015 to April 2018, 300 individuals were expelled from Italian soil.<ref name="ispi2018" /> The vast majority of the deportees come from [[North Africa]], with most of the deportees come from [[Moroccans in Italy|Morocco]], [[Tunisian people in Italy|Tunisia]] and [[Egyptians in Italy|Egypt]]. A noted group came from [[Balkans|the Balkans]], with 13 individuals from Albania, 14 from Kosovo and 12 from Macedonia. A smaller group were from Asia, with [[Pakistanis in Italy|Pakistanis]] constituting the largest group.<ref name=":3" />

==== Netherlands ====
{{Main|List of terrorist incidents in the Netherlands|Islam in the Netherlands}}
{{#section-h:Islam in the Netherlands|Jihadists}}

===== Attacks in the Netherlands =====
* [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|'''Murder of Theo van Gogh''']] on 2 November 2004. Dutch filmmaker and political activist Theo van Gogh was assassinated by [[Mohammed Bouyeri]], a second-generation Moroccan-Dutchman, [[Islamist]] and member of the [[Hofstad Network]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
* '''[[2018 Amsterdam stabbing attack]]''': On 31 August 2018, a man randomly attacked two people in [[Amsterdam Centraal station]] with a blade weapon – both victims were American-[[Demographics of Eritrea|Eritrean]] tourists who were injured.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rosman|first=Cyril|date=11 December 2018|title=Toestand van slachtoffer 'terreursteker' Amsterdam CS is 'catastrofaal'|language=nl|newspaper=[[Algemeen Dagblad]]|url=https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/toestand-van-slachtof-fer-terreur-ste-ker-amsterdam-cs-is-catastrofaal~a2a13314/|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref> The attacker was a 19-year-old [[Afghans in the Netherlands|from Afghanistan]] under the name Jawad S. who held a German [[residency permit]] and was denied asylum there.<ref>{{cite web|title=Knivman i Amsterdam ville hämnas skymfandet av islam|url=https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2018/09/03/knivman-i-amsterdam-ville-hamnas-skymfandet-av-islam|access-date=19 January 2019|website=svenska.yle.fi|language=sv-FI}}</ref> The suspect was aggrieved at the Netherlands for [[Blasphemy and Islam|insulting Islam]], directly referring to politician [[Geert Wilders]].<ref>{{cite news|date=5 September 2018|title=Jihadist knifeman shot in nine seconds|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45419445|access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Suspect in stabbing|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-09-03/suspect-in-stabbing-of-americans-believes-dutch-insult-islam|website=usnews.com}}</ref>
* '''[[Utrecht tram shooting]]''': On 18 March 2019, Gökmen Tanis carried out a shooting attack against tram passengers in Utrecht, killing four civilians and wounding six others. Tanis was arrested and convicted of murder with terrorist intent and sentenced to life in prison. He expressed support for Islamic extremism.<ref name="life imprisonment">{{Cite news|date=20 March 2020|title=Gökmen T. krijgt levenslang voor aanslag in Utrechtse tram|language=nl-NL|work=nu.nl|url=https://www.nu.nl/schietpartij-utrecht/6039024/gokmen-t-krijgt-levenslang-voor-aanslag-in-utrechtse-tram.html|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>

==== Norway ====
In 2012, two men were sentenced in Oslo to seven and a half years in jail for an attack against Mohammad-cartoonist [[Kurt Westergaard]]. This was the first sentence under the new anti-terror legislation. A third man was freed from the accusation of terrorism, but was sentenced for helping with explosives and he received a fourth-month prison sentence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/terror-prozess-in-oslo-haftstrafen-fuer-geplanten-mord-an-mohammed-zeichner-a-812250.html|title=Terror-Prozess in Oslo: Haftstrafen für geplanten Mord an Mohammed-Zeichner|date=30 January 2012|work=Der Spiegel|access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>

==== Poland ====
In 2015, the terrorist threat level was zero, on its scale which has four levels plus the "zero level". About 20–40 Polish nationals had [[Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars|travelled to the conflict zone in Syria-Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 April 2016|title= The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, Threats & Policies|url=https://icct.nl/publication/report-the-foreign-fighters-phenomenon-in-the-eu-profiles-threats-policies/|journal= Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|language=en-US|pages=46|doi=10.19165/2016.1.02|last1=Van Ginkel|first1=Bibi|last2=Boutin|first2=Bérénice|last3=Chauzal|first3=Grégory|last4=Dorsey|first4=Jessica|last5=Jegerings|first5=Marjolein|last6=Paulussen|first6=Christophe|last7=Pohl|first7=Johanna|last8=Reed|first8=Alastair|last9=Zavagli|first9=Sofia|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Russia ====
[[File:Beslan school no 1 victim photos.jpg|thumb|[[Beslan school siege|Beslan school]] victim photos]]
Politically and religiously motivated attacks on civilians in Russia have been traced to separatist sentiment among the largely Muslim population of its [[North Caucasus]] region, particularly in [[Chechnya]], where the central government of the Russian Federation has waged two bloody wars against the local [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|secular separatist government]] since 1994. In the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]] in October 2002, three Chechen separatist groups took an estimated 850 people hostage in the Russian capital; at least 129 hostages died during the storming by Russian special forces, all but one killed by the chemicals used to subdue the attackers (whether this attack would more properly be called a [[nationalism|nationalist]] rather than an Islamist attack is in question). In the September 2004 [[Beslan school hostage crisis]] more than 1,000 people were taken hostage after a school in the [[Republics of Russia|Russian republic]] of [[North Ossetia–Alania]] was seized by a pro-Chechen multi-ethnic group aligned to [[Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs]]; hundreds of people died during the storming by Russian forces.<ref>''Foreign Affairs'', January/February 2008, p. 74, "The Myth of the Authoritarian Model"</ref>

Since 2000, Russia has also experienced [[Suicide attacks in the North Caucasus conflict|a string of suicide bombings]] that killed hundreds of people in the Caucasian republics of Chechnya, [[Dagestan]] and [[Ingushetia]], as well as in Russia proper including Moscow. Responsibility for most of these attacks was claimed by either [[Shamil Basayev]]'s Islamic-nationalist rebel faction or, later, by [[Dokka Umarov]]'s pan-Islamist movement [[Caucasus Emirate]] which is aiming to unite most of Russia's North Caucasus as an [[emirate]] since its creation in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40b2b7e8-3e84-11df-a706-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40b2b7e8-3e84-11df-a706-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=Changing face of terror in Russia|work=Financial Times|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> Since the creation of the Caucasus Emirate, the group has abandoned its secular nationalist goals and fully adopted the ideology of Salafist-takfiri Jihadism<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2014 |title=Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate |url=http://www.ict.org.il/Article/132/Salafist-Takfiri%20Jihadism%20the%20Ideology%20of%20the%20Caucasus%20Emirate |access-date=11 February 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903083632/http://www.ict.org.il/Article/132/Salafist-Takfiri%20Jihadism%20the%20Ideology%20of%20the%20Caucasus%20Emirate |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which seeks to advance the cause of Allah on the earth by waging war against the Russian government and non-Muslims in the North Caucasus, such as the local [[Sufi]] Muslim population, whom they view as [[mushrikeen]] (polytheists) who do not adhere to true Islamic teachings. In 2011, the U.S. Department of State included the Caucasus Emirate on its list of terrorist organisations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/05/164312.htm|title=Designation of Caucasus Emirate|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>

==== Spain ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Spain|Islam in Spain}}
{{#section-h:Terrorism in Spain|Islamic terrorism}}

==== Sweden ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Sweden}}
{{#section-h:Terrorism in Sweden|Islamic terrorism}}

===== Islamic terror attacks in Sweden =====
In 2010, Taimour Abdulwahab al-Abdaly, an [[Swedish Iraqis|Iraqi-born Swedish]] citizen, attempted to kill Christmas shoppers in Stockholm in the [[2010 Stockholm bombings]]. According to investigations by [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], the bombing would likely have killed between 30 and 40 people had it succeeded, and it is thought that al-Abdaly operated with a network.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.svd.se/bomben-skulle-ha-dodat-40-personer|title=Bomben skulle ha dödat 40 personer|date=5 December 2011|work=Svenska Dagbladet|language=sv}}</ref>

In April 2017 Rakhmat Akilov, a 39-year-old rejected [[asylum seeker]] born in the [[Soviet Union]] and a citizen of [[Uzbekistan]], drove a truck down a pedestrian area in Stockholm and killed five people and injured dozens of others in the [[2017 Stockholm truck attack]]. He has expressed sympathy with extremist organizations, among them the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL).<ref name=":02">[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-attack-idUSKBN17B089 "Uzbek suspect in Swedish attack sympathized with Islamic State: police"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520192306/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-attack-idUSKBN17B089|date=20 May 2017}}. [[Reuters]]. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.</ref>

==== Balkans ====
{{Main|Terrorism in the Balkans}}

=== Middle East/West Asia ===

==== Turkey ====
{{See also|Terrorism in Turkey}}
Historians have said that militant Islamism first gained ground among Kurds before its appeal grew among ethnic Turks and that the two most important radical Islamist organizsations have been an outgrowth of Kurdish Islamism rather than Turkish Islamism.<ref name="ReferenceA">*German Jihad: On the Internationalisation of Islamist Terrorism by Guido Steinberg. Columbia University Press, 2013</ref> The Turkish or Kurdish Hizbullah is a primarily Kurdish group has its roots in the predominantly Kurdish southeast of Turkey and among Kurds who migrated to the cities in Western Turkey.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The members of the [[Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front|İBDA-C]] were predominantly Kurds, most members if not all are ethnic Kurds like its founder, as in the Hizbullah. The İBDA-C stressed its Kurdish roots, and is fighting Turkish secularism, and is also anti-Christian. The Hizbula reestablished in 2003 in southeastern Turkey and "today its ideology might be more widespread than ever among Kurds there".<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The influence of these groups confirms "the continuing Kurdish domination of Turkish islamism". Notable Kurdish Islamists include also<ref>Mamdouh Mahmud Salim</ref>(an Iraqi Kurd born in Sudan) co-founder of the Islamist terrorist network al-Qaeda. There is a strong Kurdish element in Turkish radical Islamism.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Kurdish and Turkish Islamists have also co-operated together, one example being the 2003 Istanbul bombings, and this co-operation has also been observed in Germany, as in the case of the Sauerland terror cell. Political scientist Guido Steinberg stated that many top leaders of Islamist organizations in Turkey fled to Germany in the 2000s, and that the Turkish Hizbullah has also "left an imprint on Turkish Kurds in Germany".<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Also many Kurds from Iraq (there are about 50,000 to 80,000 Iraqi Kurds in Germany) financially supported Kurdish-Islamist groups like Ansar al Islam.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Many Islamists in Germany are ethnic Kurds (Iraqi and Turkish Kurds) or Turks. Before 2006, the German Islamist scene was dominated by Iraqi Kurds and Palestinians, but since 2006 Kurds and Turks from Turkey are dominant.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

[[Hizbollah (Turkey)|Hezbollah in Turkey]] (unrelated to the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Hezbollah in Lebanon) is a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] terrorist group accused of a series of attacks, including the [[2003 Istanbul bombings|November 2003 bombings]] of two synagogues, the British consulate in [[Istanbul]] and HSBC bank headquarters that killed 58.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kohlmann|first=Evan|author-link=Evan Kohlmann |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kohlmann200311250844.asp|title=Terrorized Turkey: Pointing fingers at al Qaeda|work=National Review |date=25 November 2003|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040217221333/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kohlmann200311250844.asp |archive-date=17 February 2004}}</ref> <!-- Wikipedia article actually says: "Perpetrator: Al-Qaeda" --> Hizbullah's leader, [[Hüseyin Velioğlu]], was killed in action by Turkish police in Beykoz on 17 January 2000. Besides Hizbullah, other Islamic groups listed as a terrorist organization by [[General Directorate of Security (Turkey)|Turkish police]] counter-terrorism include [[Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front]], [[al-Qaeda]] in Turkey, [[Tevhid-Selam]] (also known as ''[[al-Quds]] Army''), and [[Kalifatstaat]] ("Caliphate State", Hilafet Devleti). [[Islamic Party of Kurdistan]] and [[Hereketa İslamiya Kurdistan]] are also Islamist groups active against Turkey, however unlike Hizbullah they're yet to be listed as active terrorist organizations in Turkey by Turkish police counter-terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html|title=Türkiye'de Halen Faaliyetlerine Devam Eden Başlıca Terör Örgütleri|language=tr|trans-title=Current Operations Continuing in Turkey – Major Terrorist Organizations |work=egm.gov.tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020827063338/http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html|archive-date=27 August 2002}}</ref><!-- This content appears to be extremely dated. One group has merged with another organisation since 2004; the other is possibly listed if it still exists -->

==== Iraq ====
{{Main|List of bombings during the Iraq War}}

The area that has seen some of the worst terror attacks in modern history has been Iraq as part of the [[Iraq War]]. In 2005, there were more than 400 incidents of suicide bombing attacks, killing more than 2,000 people.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Atran|first=Scott|author-link=Scott Atran|url=http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf |title=The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism|journal=The Washington Quarterly |year=2006 |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2015|doi=10.1162/wash.2006.29.2.127|s2cid=154382700}}</ref> In 2006, almost half of all reported terrorist attacks in the world (6,600), and more than half of all terrorist fatalities (13,000), occurred in Iraq, according to the [[National Counterterrorism Center]] of the United States.<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror_06.pdf Report on Terrorist Incidents – 2006] 6600 out of 14000</ref>

==== Israel and the Palestinian territories ====
{{Main|Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}

[[Hamas]] ("zeal" in Arabic and an acronym for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya) grew in power and began attacks on military and civilian targets in [[Israel]] at the beginning of the [[First Intifada]] in 1987.<ref>p. 154, ''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam'' by Gilles Kepel (2002)</ref> The 1988 charter of Hamas calls for the destruction of [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm |title=The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) |publisher=Mideastweb.org |access-date=25 April 2010}}</ref> Hamas's armed wing, the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], was established in mid 1991<ref name=EQB>"About us". Al-Qassam Brigades Information Office. Retrieved 15 July 2016</ref> and claimed responsibility for [[Hamas#Violence|numerous attacks]] against Israelis, principally [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bombings]] and [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|rocket attacks]]. Hamas has been accused of sabotaging the Israeli-Palestine peace process by launching attacks on civilians during Israeli elections to anger Israeli voters and facilitate the election of harder-line Israeli candidates.<ref>''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam'' by Gilles Kepel, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, (2002), p. 331</ref> Hamas has been designated as a terrorist group by Canada, the United States, Israel, Australia, Japan, the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] and [[Human Rights Watch]]. It is banned in Jordan. Russia does not consider Hamas a terrorist group as it was "democratically elected".<ref>{{cite web|last=Waked|first=Ali|author2=Roee Nahmias|date=9 February 2006|title=Putin: Hamas not a terror organization|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3213707,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183227/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3213707,00.html|archive-date=24 March 2006|access-date=11 February 2022|work=Ynet|location=Israel}}</ref> During the [[Second Intifada]] (September 2000 through August 2005) 39.9 percent of the suicide attacks were carried out by Hamas.<ref name="BenmelechBerrebi2007">{{cite journal|last2=Berrebi|first2=Claude|date=Summer 2007|title=Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers|url=http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/benmelech/files/JEP_0807.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=223–38 |doi=10.1257/jep.21.3.223 |issn=0895-3309 |last1=Benmelech |first1=Efraim |author-link1=Efraim Benmelech |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707185129/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/benmelech/files/JEP_0807.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2010}}</ref> The first Hamas suicide attack was the [[Mehola Junction bombing]] in 1993.<ref>Katz, Samuel (2002). ''The Hunt for the Engineer''. Lyons Press. {{ISBN|978-1585747498}}. p. 74.</ref> Hamas claims its aims are "To contribute in the effort of liberating [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and restoring the rights of the Palestinian people under the sacred Islamic teachings of the Holy Quran, the Sunna (traditions) of Prophet Mohammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the traditions of Muslims rulers and scholars noted for their piety and dedication."<ref name=EQB />

[[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine]] is a Palestinian Islamist group based in the [[Syria]]n capital, [[Damascus]], and dedicated to waging jihad to eliminate the state of Israel. It was formed by Palestinian Fathi Shaqaqi in the Gaza Strip following the [[Iranian Revolution]] which inspired its members. From 1983 onward, it engaged in "a succession of violent, high-profile attacks" on Israeli targets. The Intifada which "it eventually sparked" was quickly taken over by the much larger [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] and Hamas.<ref>p. 122, ''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam'' by Gilles Kepel</ref> Beginning in September 2000, it started a campaign of suicide bombing attacks against Israeli civilians. The PIJ's armed wing, the Al-Quds brigades, has claimed responsibility for numerous terrorist attacks in Israel, including suicide bombings. The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by several Western countries.

[[Popular Resistance Committees]] is a coalition of a number of armed Palestinian groups opposed to what they regard as the conciliatory approach of the [[Palestinian Authority]] and [[Fatah]] towards Israel. The PRC is especially active in the [[Gaza Strip]], through its military wing, the [[Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades]].<ref>Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict (15 September 2009). [http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2009/09/15/UNFFMGCReport.pdf "Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories"] (PDF). London: ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</ref> The PRC is said to have an extreme Islamic worldview and operates with Hamas and the Islamic Jihad movement. The PRC has carried out several attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers including hundreds of shooting attacks and other rocket and bombing attacks.<ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-24.htm "The Popular Resistance Committees: Hamas' New Partners? – Lt. Col. (res.) Jonathan D. Halevi"]. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</ref>

Other groups linked with [[Al-Qaeda]] operate in the Gaza Strip including: [[Army of Islam (Gaza Strip)|Army of Islam]], [[Abdullah Azzam Brigades]], [[Jund Ansar Allah]], [[Jaljalat]] and [[Tawhid al-Jihad (Gaza Strip)|Tawhid al-Jihad]].

==== Lebanon ====
{{Overly detailed|section|date=August 2017}}
Hezbollah first emerged in 1982, as a militia during the [[1982 Lebanon War]].<ref name="HG20Ak02">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720154531/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=20 July 2006 |title=Hezbollah's transformation|last=Jamail|first=Dahr|date=20 July 2006|work=Asia Times |access-date=23 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="bbc-hi-me">{{cite news |title=Who are Hezbollah|work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4314423.stm  |date=21 May 2008 |access-date=15 August 2008}}</ref> Its leaders were inspired by the [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]], and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of Iran's [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]].<ref name="nybooks">{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 |title=In Search of Hezbollah|first=Adam|last=Shatz|work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |volume=51|issue=7|date=29 April 2004|access-date=14 August 2006 |url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040503005626/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 |archive-date=3 May 2004}}</ref> Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its three main goals as "putting an end to any [[colonialist]] entity" in Lebanon, bringing the [[Kataeb Party|Phalangists]] to justice for "the crimes they [had] perpetrated", and the establishment of an [[Islamic republic|Islamic regime]] in Lebanon.<ref name="The Hizballah Program">{{cite web|title=The Hizballah Program|url=http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/hezbollah_program.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029000205/http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/hezbollah_program.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2007|access-date=11 February 2022|publisher=[[StandWithUs]]}}</ref><ref name="Stalinsky">Stalinsky, Steven. [http://www.nysun.com/article/37184 "An Islamic Republic Is Hezbollah's Aim"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110235519/http://www.nysun.com/article/37184 |date=10 November 2007 }}. ''[[The New York Sun]]''. 2 August 2006. 1 November 2007.</ref> Hezbollah leaders have also made numerous statements calling for the destruction of Israel, which they refer to as a "Zionist entity... built on lands wrested from their owners."<ref name="The Hizballah Program" /><ref name="Stalinsky" />

Hezbollah, which started with only a small militia, has grown to an organization with seats in the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] government, a radio and a [[Al-Manar|satellite television-station]], and programs for [[Social change|social development]].<ref name="deeb-hzb-a-primer">{{cite magazine |last=Deeb |first=Lara  |date=31 July 2006 |title=Hizballah: A Primer |url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero073106.html |access-date=31 July 2006 |magazine=[[Middle East Report]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620045425/http://merip.org/mero/mero073106.html |archive-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They maintain strong support among Lebanon's Shi'a population, and gained a surge of support from Lebanon's broader population ([[Sunni]], [[Christians|Christian]], [[Druze]]) immediately following the [[2006 Lebanon War]],<ref name="Briefing">{{cite web |url=http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_6.htm |title=Briefing: Lebanese Public Opinion |date=September–October 2006  |access-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118214528/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_6.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> and are able to mobilize demonstrations of hundreds of thousands.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4329201.stm "Huge Beirut protest backs Syria"]. [[BBC News]]. 8 March 2005. 7 February 2007.</ref> Hezbollah along with some other groups began the [[2006–2008 Lebanese political protests]] in opposition to the government of Prime Minister [[Fouad Siniora]].<ref name="Ghattas">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6200804.stm|title=Political ferment in Lebanon |first=Kim |last=Ghattas |publisher=BBC News  |date=1 December 2006 |access-date=15 August 2008}}</ref> A later dispute over Hezbollah preservation of its telecoms network led to [[2008 conflict in Lebanon|clashes]] and Hezbollah-led opposition fighters seized control of several [[West Beirut]] neighborhoods from [[Future Movement]] militiamen loyal to Fouad Siniora. These areas were then handed over to the [[Lebanese Army]].<ref name="Haaretz1">{{cite web|title=Lebanese army moves into W. Beirut after Hezbollah takeover |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981696.html |work=[[Haaretz]]  |access-date=10 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512082543/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981696.html |archive-date=12 May 2008}}</ref>

A [[Lebanese government of July 2008|national unity government]] was formed in 2008, in Lebanon, giving Hezbollah and its opposition allies control of 11 of 30 cabinets seats; effectively veto power.<ref name="CFR">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F|title=Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]  |date=13 September 2008|access-date=15 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913091527/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F|archive-date=13 September 2008}}</ref> Hezbollah receives its financial support from the governments of Iran and Syria, as well as donations from Lebanese people and foreign Shi'as.<ref name="irinnews52494">{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=52494&SelectRegion=Middle_East |title=Lebanon: The many hands and faces of Hezbollah  |date=29 March 2006|author=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |access-date=17 August 2006}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz 746631">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=746631|title=Iranian official admits Tehran supplied missiles to Hezbollah|date=4 August 2006 |work=Haaretz |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> It has also gained significantly in military strength in the 2000s.<ref name="met">{{cite news |url=http://www.metimes.com/International/2008/08/29/mideast_powers_proxies_and_paymasters_bluster_and_rearm/5485/ |title=Mideast Powers, Proxies and Paymasters Bluster and Rearm |last=Frykberg|first=Mel |date=29 August 2008|work=[[Middle East Times]]|quote=And if there is one thing that ideologically and diametrically opposed Hezbollah and Israel agree on, it is Hezbollah's growing military strength.  |access-date=29 August 2008|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902080503/http://www.metimes.com/International/2008/08/29/mideast_powers_proxies_and_paymasters_bluster_and_rearm/5485/ |archive-date=2 September 2008}}</ref> Despite a June 2008 certification by the [[United Nations]] that Israel had withdrawn from all Lebanese territory,<ref name="SC/6878">{{cite web |date=18 June 2000 |publisher=United Nations Security Council |title=Security council endorses secretary-general's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000618.sc6878.doc.html  |access-date=29 September 2006}}</ref> in August, Lebanon's new Cabinet unanimously approved a draft policy statement which secures Hezbollah's existence as an armed organization and guarantees its right to "liberate or recover [[Shebaa farms|occupied lands]]". Since 1992, the organization has been headed by [[Hassan Nasrallah]], its [[Secretary-General]]. The United States, Canada, Israel, Bahrain,<ref name="JPostBahrain">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Bahrains-parliament-declares-Hezbollah-a-terrorist-group-307806|title=Bahrain's parliament declares Hezbollah a terrorist group |date=26 March 2013|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref name="bahrain">{{cite news|last=Spangler|first=Timothy|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=213829 |title=Bahrain complains over Hezbollah comments on protests|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=25 March 2011 |access-date=22 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bahrain-bombs-hezbollah-idUSBRE8A512A20121106 |title=Bahrain arrests bombing suspects and blames Hezbollah |work=Reuters |date=6 November 2012 |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171823/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/06/us-bahrain-bombs-hezbollah-idUSBRE8A512A20121106 |url-status=live }}</ref> France,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2013/04/04/jewish-leaders-applaud-hezbollah-terror-designation-by-france |title=Jewish Leaders Applaud Hezbollah Terror Designation by France &#124; Jewish & Israel News |publisher=Algemeiner.com  |date=4 April 2013 |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> [[Gulf Cooperation Council]],<ref name="GCC">{{cite web |url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/453834 |title=GCC: Hezbollah terror group |work=Arab News |date=3 June 2013 |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> and the Netherlands regard Hezbollah as a [[terrorism|terrorist]] organization, while the United Kingdom, the European Union<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/world/middleeast/european-union-adds-hezbollah-wing-to-terror-list.html|work=The New York Times |first1=James |last1=Kanter |first2=Jodi |last2=Rudoren |title=European Union Adds Military Wing of Hezbollah to List of Terrorist Organizations |date=22 July 2013}}</ref> and Australia consider only Hezbollah's military wing or its external security organization to be a terrorist organization. Many consider it, or a part of it, to be a terrorist group<ref>Roy, Olivier, ''The Failure of Political Islam'', Harvard University Press, (1994), p. 115</ref><ref>Pape, Robert, ''Dying to Win'', Random House, 2005, p. 129</ref> responsible for [[1983 United States Embassy bombing|blowing up the American embassy]]<ref>Ranstorp, Magnus, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon'', St. Martins Press, 1997 pp. 89–90</ref> and later its [[1984 United States embassy annex bombing|annex]], as well as the [[1983 Beirut barracks bombing|barracks of American and French peacekeeping troops]] and [[Lebanon hostage crisis|dozens of kidnappings of foreigners in Beirut]].<ref name="autogenerated2">Ranstorp, Magnus, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon'', St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 54</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">Kepel, Gilles, ''Jihad'', (2002), p. 129</ref> It is also accused of being the recipient of massive aid from Iran,<ref>Ranstorp, Magnus, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon'', St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 127</ref> and of serving "Iranian foreign policy calculations and interests",<ref name="autogenerated2" /> or serving as a "subcontractor of Iranian initiatives"<ref name="autogenerated3" /> Hezbollah denies any involvement or dependence on Iran.<ref>Ranstorp, Magnus, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis,'' p. 60</ref> In 2006, in the most of the Arab and Muslim worlds, Hezbollah was regarded as a legitimate resistance movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720154531/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=20 July 2006|title=Middle East News – Hezbollah's transformation|date=20 July 2006|publisher=Asia Times Online Atimes.com|access-date=25 April 2010}}</ref> In 2005, the Lebanese Prime Minister said of Hezbollah, it "is not a militia. It's a resistance."<ref name="cnn-2005-05-07">{{cite news |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/05/06/lebanon.report/index.html |title=Hezbollah disarmament unclear|date=7 May 2005 |access-date=5 August 2006}}</ref>

[[Fatah al-Islam]] is an Islamist group operating out of the [[Nahr al-Bared]] refugee camp in northern Lebanon. It was formed in November 2006, by fighters who broke off from the pro-[[Syria]]n [[Fatah al-Intifada]], itself a splinter group of the Palestinian [[Fatah]] movement, and is led by a Palestinian fugitive militant named [[Shaker al-Abssi]].<ref name="IHT_20070315">''International Herald Tribune'' (15 March 2007). [http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/03/15/news/lebanon.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515071626/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/03/15/news/lebanon.php|date=15 May 2008}}</ref> The group's members have been described as militant [[jihad]]ists,<ref name="Figaro_20070416">''Le Figaro'' (16 April 2007). [http://www.lefigaro.fr/english/20070416.WWW000000477_fatah_al_islam_the_new_terrorist_threat_hanging_over_lebanon.html "Fatah Al-Islam: the new terrorist threat hanging over Lebanon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606101014/http://www.lefigaro.fr/english/20070416.WWW000000477_fatah_al_islam_the_new_terrorist_threat_hanging_over_lebanon.html |date=6 June 2007 }}. Retrieved 20 May 2007.</ref> and the group itself has been described as a terrorist movement that draws inspiration from [[al-Qaeda]].<ref name="IHT_20070315" /><ref name="Figaro_20070416" /><ref name="Reuters_20070519">{{Cite web|url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?storyID=2007-05-20T031424Z_01_L20250509_RTRUKOC_0_US-LEBANON-CAMP-FIGHTING.xml|title=Lebanon Camp Fighting|website=Reuters.com}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Its stated goal is to reform the Palestinian refugee camps under [[Sharia|Islamic sharia law]],<ref name="Reuters_FactBox">Reuters (20 May 2007). [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L20400320.htm "Facts about militant group Fatah al-Islam"]. Retrieved 20 May 2007.</ref> and its primary targets are the Lebanese authorities, Israel and the United States.<ref name="IHT_20070315" />

==== Saudi Arabia ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Saudi Arabia}}

==== Syria ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Syria}}

==== Yemen ====
{{Main|Terrorism in Yemen}}

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====
{{See also|Terrorism in Canada}}

According to recent government statements, Islamic terrorism is the biggest threat to Canada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/09/06/harper-911-terrorism-islamic-interview.html|title=Harper says 'Islamicism' biggest threat to Canada  |date=6 September 2011 |publisher=CBC News – Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.ca |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS)]] reported that terrorist radicalization at home is now the chief preoccupation of Canada's spy agency.<ref>{{cite news |last=Macleod|first=Ian|url=http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=09fe30f3-84ad-458e-b8e7-8add2a9fc8c7|title=CSIS focuses on homegrown terrorism threat|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|date=14 March 2008|access-date=16 October 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317192234/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=09fe30f3-84ad-458e-b8e7-8add2a9fc8c7 |archive-date=17 March 2008}}</ref> The most notorious arrest in Canada's fight on terrorism, was the [[2006 Ontario terrorism plot]] in which 18 Al-Qaeda-inspired cell members were arrested for planning a mass bombing, shooting, and hostage taking terror plot throughout [[Southern Ontario]]. There have also been other arrests mostly in Ontario involving terror plots.<ref>{{cite web |last=Seymour |first=Andrew |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/canada-in-afghanistan/RCMP+homegrown+terror+suspects+were+preparing+build+IEDs/3445591/story.html |title=RCMP say homegrown terror suspects were preparing to build IEDs |work=Ottawa Citizen |date=26 August 2010 |access-date=16 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==== United States ====
[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|[[United Airlines Flight 175]] explodes after being flown into the South Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] during the [[September 11 attacks|11 September terrorist attacks]].]]
{{main category|Islamic terrorism in the United States}}
{{See also|Terrorism in the United States|Jihadist extremism in the United States}}

Between 1993 and 2001, the major attacks or attempts against U.S. interests stemmed from militant Islamic jihad extremism except for the [[1995 Oklahoma City bombing]].<ref name="Investigation(U.S.)2007">{{cite book|author1=United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation|author2=Terrorist Research and Analytical Center (U.S.)|title=Terrorism in the United States 2002–2005|url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terrorism-2002-2005/terror02_05.pdf|edition=2|year=2007|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation|page=43}}</ref> On 11 September 2001, nearly 3,000 people were killed in New York City, Washington, DC, and [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]] near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], during the [[September 11 attacks]] organized by 19 al-Qaeda members and largely perpetrated by Saudi nationals, sparking the [[War on Terror]]. Former CIA Director [[Michael Hayden (general)|Michael Hayden]] considers [[homegrown terrorism]] to be the most dangerous threat and concern faced by American citizens today.<ref name="Hayden">{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/167252-former-intel-chief-homegrown-terrorism-is-a-devil-of-a-problem/|title=Former intel chief: Homegrown terrorism is a 'devil of a problem'|last=Yager|first=Jordy|date=25 July 2010|work=The Hill}}</ref> As of July 2011, there have been 52 homegrown jihadist extremist plots or attacks in the United States since the 11 September attacks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Saslow|first=Eli |title=A one-man mission to stop homegrown Somali terrorism in U.S.|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2015571420_somali11.html|newspaper=The Seattle Times|date=12 July 2011|access-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922105411/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2015571420_somali11.html |archive-date=22 September 2011}}</ref>

One of the worst mass shootings in U.S. history was committed by a Muslim against LGBT people. [[Omar Mateen]], in an act motivated by the terrorist group [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]], shot and murdered 49 people and wounded more than 50 in a gay nightclub, Pulse, in Orlando, Florida.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ellis |first1=Ralph |author2=Ashley Fantz |author3=Faith Karimi |author4=Eliott C. McLaughlin |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/12/us/orlando-nightclub-shooting/ |title=Orlando shooting: 49 killed, shooter pledged ISIS allegiance |publisher=CNN |date=13 June 2016 |access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===

==== Australia ====
* [[2014 Endeavour Hills stabbings]]
* [[Lindt Cafe siege|2014 Lindt Cafe siege]]
* [[2015 Parramatta shooting]]
* [[2017 Brighton siege]]
* [[2018 Melbourne stabbing attack]]

==== New Zealand ====
* [[2021 Auckland supermarket stabbing]]

=== South America ===

==== Argentina ====
The [[1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires]], was a suicide bombing attack on the building of the Israeli embassy of Argentina, located in Buenos Aires, which was carried out on 17 March 1992. Twenty-nine civilians were killed in the attack and 242 additional civilians were injured. A group called [[Islamic Jihad Organization]], which has been linked to [[Iran]] and possibly Hezbollah,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/interviews/baer.html|title=Interviews – Robert Baer – Terror And Tehran|publisher=PBS Frontline|access-date=7 January 2015|date=2 May 2002}}</ref> claimed responsibility.

An incident from 1994, known as the [[AMIA bombing]], was an attack on the [[Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina]] (Argentine Israelite Mutual Association) building in Buenos Aires. It occurred on 18 July and killed 85 people and injured hundreds more.<ref name="wj">"AMIA Bombing Commemorated", ''Dateline World Jewry'', [[World Jewish Congress]], September 2007</ref> A suicide bomber drove a [[Renault Trafic]] van bomb loaded with about {{convert|275|kg}} of [[ammonium nitrate]] fertilizer and fuel oil explosive mixture,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/israel-international/latin-america/c/amia-attack-in-argentina.html|title=AMIA Attack in Argentina|work=ADL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/speeches/speech.asp?sCodigo=05-0282 |title=Discursos |publisher=OAS |date=August 2009|access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> into the Jewish Community Center building located in a densely constructed commercial area of Buenos Aires. Prosecutors [[Alberto Nisman]] and Marcelo Martínez Burgos formally accused the government of Iran of directing the bombing, and the [[Hezbollah]] militia of carrying it out.<ref name="BBC Iran">{{cite news|title=Iran, Hezbollah charged in 1994 Argentine bombing|newspaper=[[Daily Jang]]|date=25 October 2006|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/update_detail.asp?id=11864 |access-date=25 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221807/http://www.thenews.com.pk/update_detail.asp?id=11864 |archive-date=1 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Iran charged over Argentina bomb|newspaper=BBC News|date=25 October 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6085768.stm|access-date=25 October 2006|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061107173306/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6085768.stm|archive-date=7 November 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> The prosecution claimed that Argentina had been targeted by Iran after Buenos Aires' decision to suspend a [[Iran's nuclear program|nuclear technology transfer contract to Tehran]].<ref name="La Nación October 2006">[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=852740 Acusan a Irán por el ataque a la AMIA], ''[[La Nación]]'', 26 October 2006</ref>

On 18 January 2015, [[Death of Alberto Nisman|Nisman was found dead]] at his home in Buenos Aires,<ref name=Infojus>{{cite web|title=Muerte de Nisman: la media hora que es un agujero negro en la causa|trans-title=Nisman's death: the half-hour which is a black hole in the case|url=http://www.infojusnoticias.gov.ar/nacionales/muerte-de-nisman-la-media-hora-que-es-un-agujero-negro-en-la-causa-7423.html|website=Infojus Noticias|publisher=Ifnojus Noticias|access-date=8 July 2015|language=es|date=11 February 2015|quote=El médico de Swiss Medical...no tenía dudas de que se trataba de una muerte violenta...}}</ref><ref name=LaNacionDate>{{cite news|title=Los enigmas del caso Nisman|trans-title=The mysteries of the Nisman case|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1774706-los-enigmas-del-caso-nisman|website=La Nacion|access-date=8 July 2015|language=es|date=9 March 2015|quote=23 hs – Llega la ambulancia de Swiss Medical y constantan la muerte.|archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708104235/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1774706-los-enigmas-del-caso-nisman|url-status=dead}}</ref> one day before he was scheduled to report on his findings, with supposedly incriminating evidence against high-ranking officials of the [[Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner|then-current Argentinian government]] including former president [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Argentine ex-president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner charged with treason |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentine-ex-president-cristina-fernandez-charged-with-treason/2017/12/07/e3e326e0-db80-11e7-a241-0848315642d0_story.html?noredirect=on |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cristina Kirchner faces investigation over alleged cover-up of bombing |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/12/30/inenglish/1483102020_021698.html |website=El Pais|date=30 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web|title=Argentinian lawyer Alberto Nisman was murdered, police report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/06/argentinian-lawyer-alberto-nisman-was-murdered-police-report-finds|website=The Guardian|date=6 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Transnational ===
{{Main|Al-Qaeda}}
{{Expand section|reason=More history (essential stuff, like the early merge with the Egyptian Islamic Jihad), and it needs to be explained how it's now more like a franchise|date=July 2011}}

[[Al-Qaeda]]'s stated aim is the use of jihad to defend and protect Islam against [[Zionism]], [[Christianity]], the secular West, and Muslim governments such as Saudi Arabia, which it sees as insufficiently Islamic and too closely tied to the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79C6AF22-98FB-4A1C-B21F-2BC36E87F61F.htm |title=Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=1 November 2004|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114224216/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79C6AF22-98FB-4A1C-B21F-2BC36E87F61F.htm|archive-date=14 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Michael|first=Maggie|url=http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/nation/terror/20041029-1423-binladentape.html|title=Bin Laden, in statement to U.S. people, says he ordered Sept. 11 attacks|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune|agency=Associated Press|date=29 October 2004|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-date=3 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903021049/http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/terror/20041029-1423-binladentape.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3966817.stm |title=Excerpts: Bin Laden video|work=BBC News|date=29 October 2004|access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Langhorne |first=R. |year=2006 |title=The Essentials of – Global Politics |publisher=Hodder Arnold}}</ref> Formed by [[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Muhammad Atef]] in the aftermath of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the late 1980s, al-Qaeda called for the use of violence against civilians and military of the United States and any countries that are allied with it.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}