Feminism

=== Civil rights movement and anti-racism ===

The [[civil rights movement]] has influenced and informed the feminist movement and vice versa. Many American feminists adapted the language and theories of black equality activism and drew parallels between women's rights and the rights of non-white people.<ref name="Levy">{{cite book|last=Levy |first=Peter |year=1998 |title=The Civil Rights Movement |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-29854-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/civilrightsmovem00levy }}</ref> Despite the connections between the women's and civil rights movements, some tensions arose during the late 1960s and the 1970s as non-white women argued that feminism was predominantly white, straight, and middle class, and did not understand and was not concerned with issues of race and sexuality.<ref>{{cite book |last=Code |first=Lorraine |title=Encyclopedia of Feminist Theories |chapter=Civil rights |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-13274-9 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffe0000unse |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffe0000unse }}</ref> Similarly, some women argued that the civil rights movement had sexist and homophobic elements and did not adequately address minority women's concerns.<ref name="Levy" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=hooks|first=bell|date=3 October 2014|title=Feminist Theory|doi=10.4324/9781315743172|isbn=978-1-315-74317-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manditch-Prottas|first=Zachary|date=2019|title=Meeting at the Watchtower: Eldridge Cleaver, James Baldwin's No Name in the Street, and Racializing Homophobic Vernacular|journal=[[African American Review]]|volume=52|issue=2|pages=179–195|doi=10.1353/afa.2019.0027|s2cid=197851021|issn=1945-6182}}</ref> These criticisms created new feminist social theories about identity politics and the intersections of [[racism]], classism, and sexism; they also generated new feminisms such as black feminism and [[Chicana feminism]] in addition to making large contributions to lesbian feminism and other integrations of [[Queer of color critique|queer of colour]] identity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roth |first=Benita |title=Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-52972-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/separateroadstof00roth }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Winddance Twine |first1=France |first2=Kathleen M. |last2=Blee |title=Feminism and Antiracism: International Struggles for Justice |publisher=NYU Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8147-9855-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismantiraci0000unse }}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title="The Combahee River Collective Statement" (1977)|work=Available Means|pages=292–300|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.50|year=2001}}</ref>