Winnipeg

===Modern history (1900–present)===
[[File:WinnipegGeneralStrike.jpg|thumb|Crowd gathered outside old City Hall during the [[Winnipeg General Strike]] in 1919]]

By 1911, Winnipeg was Canada's third-largest city.<ref name="ce"/> However, the city faced financial difficulty when the [[Panama Canal]] opened in 1914.<ref>{{cite news |title=The heart of the continent? |last=Silicz |first=Michael |date=10 September 2008 |work=[[The Manitoban]]}}</ref> The canal reduced reliance on Canada's rail system for international trade; the increase in shipping traffic helped [[Vancouver]] to surpass Winnipeg in both prosperity and population by the end of [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hiller |first=Harry |title=Second promised land: migration to Alberta and the transformation of Canadian society |year=2009 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-3517-6 |pages=33–34}}</ref>

More than 30,000 workers walked off their jobs in May 1919 in what came to be known as the [[Winnipeg general strike]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH3PA2LE.html|work=Canada: A People's History|title=The Winnipeg General Strike|publisher=CBC|accessdate=4 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918033647/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH3PA2LE.html|archivedate=18 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The strike was a product of postwar recession, labour conditions, the activity of union organizers and a large influx of returning World War I soldiers seeking work.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bothwell|first1=Robert|last2=Drummond|first2=Ian|last3=English|first3=John|title=Canada, 1900–1945|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1990|page=165|isbn=0-8020-6801-4}}</ref> After many arrests, deportations, and incidents of violence, the strike ended on 21 June 1919 when the [[Riot Act]] was read. A group of [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] officers charged a group of strikers.<ref name="bloody">{{cite web|url=http://curio.ca/en/bloody-saturday-the-winnipeg-general-strike/1106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209071531/http://curio.ca/en/bloody-saturday-the-winnipeg-general-strike/1106|archivedate=9 February 2014|title=Bloody Saturday|publisher=CBC|accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> Two strikers were killed and at least thirty others were injured on the day that became known as ''Bloody Saturday''; the event polarized the population.<ref name="bloody"/> One of the leaders of the strike, [[J. S. Woodsworth]], went on to found Canada's first major socialist party, the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]], which later became the [[New Democratic Party (Canada)|New Democratic Party]].<ref>{{cite book|last=MacInnis|first=Grace|title=J. S. Woodsworth: A Man to Remember|year=1953|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0770511807}}</ref>

The [[Manitoba Legislative Building]], constructed mainly of [[Tyndall stone]], opened in 1920; its dome supports a bronze statue finished in gold leaf, titled "Eternal Youth and the Spirit of Enterprise" (commonly known as the "[[Golden Boy (Manitoba)|Golden Boy]]").<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/legtour/legbld.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413001158/http://www.gov.mb.ca/legtour/legbld.html|archivedate=13 April 2008|title=The History|work=Legislative Tour|publisher=Province of Manitoba|accessdate=16 July 2009}}</ref> The [[stock market crash of 1929]] and the [[Great Depression]] resulted in widespread unemployment, worsened by drought and low agricultural prices.<ref>{{cite conference|title=The Dirty Thirties in Prairie Canada|conference=11th Western Canadian Studies Conference|editor=Francis, RD |editor2=Ganzevoort, H|publisher=Tantalus Research|year=1980|isbn=0-919478-46-8}}</ref> The Depression ended after the start of [[World War II]] in 1939.<ref name=ce>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winnipeg|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|title=Winnipeg|date=11 September 2012|author=Artibise, Alan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224035342/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/winnipeg/|archivedate=24 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Wfp 1942.jpg|thumb|left|In 1942, the Canadian Victory Loan campaign [[If Day|simulated]] a [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] occupation of the city to raise [[war bonds]].]]

In the [[Battle of Hong Kong]], [[The Winnipeg Grenadiers]] were among the first Canadians to engage in combat against Japan. Battalion members who survived combat were taken prisoner and endured brutal treatment in [[prisoner of war]] camps.<ref name="Vance1994">{{cite book|author=Vance, Jonathan|title=Objects of concern: Canadian prisoners of war through the twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L32wsAE2EcAC&pg=PA183|year=1994|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0504-9|page=183}}</ref> In 1942, the Victory Loan Campaign staged a [[If Day|mock Nazi invasion]] of Winnipeg to promote awareness of the stakes of the war in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Maclean's]]|author=Burch, Ted|date=10 September 1960|title=The day the Nazis took over Winnipeg|pages=46–47|url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1960/9/10/the-day-the-nazis-took-over-winnipeg|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430084636/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1960/9/10/the-day-the-nazis-took-over-winnipeg|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|title=If|page=1|author=Groom, Kick|date=5 January 1985}}</ref> When the war ended, pent-up demand generated a boom in housing development, although building activity was checked by the [[1950 Red River flood]].<ref name="flood">{{cite journal|last=Hurst|first=William D|date=1955–1956|title=The Red River Flood of 1950|journal=MHS Transactions |series =Third Series|issue=12|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/flood1950.shtml}}</ref> The federal government estimated damage at over $26&nbsp;million, although the province indicated that it was at least double that.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bumsted|first=JM|title=The Manitoba Royal Commission on Flood Cost Benefit and the Origins of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Canada|journal=American Review of Canadian Studies|date=March 2002 |volume=32|issue=1 |pages=97–121 |doi=10.1080/02722010209481659}}</ref> The damage caused by the flood led then-Premier [[Dufferin Roblin|Duff Roblin]] to advocate for the construction of the [[Red River Floodway]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Haque, C Emdad|date=May 2000|title=Risk Assessment, Emergency Preparedness and Response to Hazards: The Case of the 1997 Red River Valley Flood, Canada|journal=Natural Hazards|volume=21|issue=2|pages=226–237|doi=10.1023/a:1008108208545}}</ref>

Before 1972, Winnipeg was the largest of thirteen cities and towns in a metropolitan area around the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. In 1960, the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg was established to co-ordinate service delivery in the metropolitan region.<ref name=":0" /> A consolidated metropolitan "[[Amalgamation of Winnipeg|unicity]]" government incorporating Winnipeg and its surrounding municipalities was established on 27 July 1971, taking effect in 1972.<ref name="unicity">{{cite journal|title=The Reform of a Metropolitan Government: The Case of Winnipeg, 1971|author=Lightbody, James|year= 1978|journal=Canadian Public Policy|volume=4|issue=4|pages=489&ndash;504|doi=10.2307/3549974|jstor=3549974}}</ref> The [[City of Winnipeg Act]] incorporated the current city.<ref name=ce/> In 2003, the City of Winnipeg Act was repealed and replaced with the City of Winnipeg Charter.<ref name=":0" />

Winnipeg experienced a severe economic downturn in advance of the [[early 1980s recession]], during which the city incurred closures of prominent businesses, including the ''[[Winnipeg Tribune]]'', as well as the [[Swift & Company|Swift's]] and [[Canada Packers]] meat packing plants.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/36th_2nd/vol32a/h032a_3.html | title= Hansard, Volume XLVI No. 32A, Oral Questions | publisher= Manitoba Legislature | date=9 May 1996}}</ref> In 1981, Winnipeg was one of the first cities in Canada to sign a tripartite agreement with the provincial and federal governments to redevelop its downtown area,<ref name="SanctonYoung2009">{{cite book|author1=Sancton, Andrew|author2=Young, Robert Andrew|title=Foundations of governance: municipal government in Canada's provinces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvURRf7mGi4C&pg=PA250|year=2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9650-0|page=250}}</ref> and the three levels of government contributed over $271&nbsp;million to its development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wd.gc.ca/eng/298.asp|title=Urban Development Agreements|publisher=Western Economic Diversification Canada|accessdate=16 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530222137/http://www.wd.gc.ca/eng/298.asp |archivedate=30 May 2009}}</ref> In 1989, the reclamation and redevelopment of the [[Canadian National Railway|CNR]] [[rail yard]]s turned the Forks into Winnipeg's most popular tourist attraction.<ref name="forkshistory" /><ref name="ce" /> The city was threatened by the [[1997 Red River flood]] as well as further floods in [[2009 Red River flood|2009]] and [[2011 Red River flood|2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/flooding/historical_facts.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305020905/https://www.gov.mb.ca/flooding/historical_facts.html|archivedate=5 March 2014|accessdate=4 March 2014|title=Manitoba Flood Facts|publisher=Province of Manitoba}}</ref>