Vienna

=== Austrian Empire and the early 20th century===
[[File:Canaletto (I) 058.jpg|thumb|''Vienna from Belvedere'' by [[Bernardo Bellotto]], 1758]]

In 1804, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Vienna became the capital of the newly formed [[Austrian Empire]]. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1814–15. The city also saw major uprisings against Habsburg rule in [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire|1848]], which were suppressed. After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], Vienna remained the capital of what became the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the [[First Viennese School]] (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.
[[File:Rudolf von Alt-Opera Crossroads in Vienna.jpg|thumb|Vienna's {{lang|de|Ringstraße}} and the State Opera in around 1870]]

During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the [[bastion]]s and [[glacis]] into the {{lang|de|[[Ringstraße]]}}, a new [[boulevard]] surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after [[World War I]], Vienna became capital of the [[Republic of German-Austria]], and then in 1919 of the [[First Republic of Austria]].

From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of [[modernism]]. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Anton Bruckner|Bruckner]], [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]] and [[Richard Strauss]]. 
The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the [[Vienna Secession]] movement in art, the [[Second Viennese School]], the architecture of [[Adolf Loos]], the philosophy of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], and the [[Vienna Circle]].