United States Capitol rotunda

==Historical paintings==
Eight [[Niche (architecture)|niches]] in the rotunda hold large, framed [[historical painting]]s. All are [[Oil painting|oil-on-canvas]] and measure {{convert|12|by|18|ft|m|abbr=off}}. Four of these are scenes from the [[American Revolution]], painted by [[John Trumbull]], who was commissioned by Congress to do the work in 1817. These are ''[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]]'', ''[[Surrender of General Burgoyne]]'', ''[[Surrender of Lord Cornwallis]]'', and ''[[General George Washington Resigning His Commission]]''. These were placed between 1819 and 1824. Between 1840 and 1855, four more paintings were added. These depicted the exploration and colonization of America and were all done by different artists. These paintings are ''Landing of Columbus'' by [[John Vanderlyn]], ''Discovery of the Mississippi'' by [[William Henry Powell]], ''Baptism of Pocahontas'' by [[John Gadsby Chapman]], and ''Embarkation of the Pilgrims'' by [[Robert Walter Weir]].
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="20%" | Painting
! width="10%" | Artist
! width="10%" | Dates
! width="30%" | Description
! width="30%" | Notes
|-
| [[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|center|225px|'''''[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]]''''']]|| [[John Trumbull]] || {{nowrap|Commissioned 1817,}} purchased 1819, placed 1826<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/declaration_independence.cfm |title=Declaration of Independence. Architect of the Capitol |access-date=June 29, 2006 |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214134026/https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/declaration-independence |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{nowrap|[[John Adams]], [[Roger Sherman]],}} [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert R. Livingston]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], and the principal author, [[Thomas Jefferson]] — members of the [[Committee of Five]], who drafted the Declaration of Independence — present the declaration to the [[Second Continental Congress]] and [[president of the Continental Congress|President]] [[John Hancock]] on June 28,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> 1776 at [[Independence Hall (United States)|Independence Hall]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ||  The first painting Trumbull completed for the rotunda and probably the most widely recognized, the iconic ''Declaration of Independence'' is somewhat historically inaccurate and anachronistic. Of the 56 signers, 42 are represented. The rest are absent, possibly because they were not present at the adoption of the declaration or had died by the time of Trumbull's painting. Four are included who did not sign, but whom Trumbull found worthy of inclusion: [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert R. Livingston]], [[Thomas Willing]], and [[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]].<ref>{{cite web |title=''The Declaration of Independence'' by John Trumbull |url=https://www.americanrevolution.org/decsm.php |publisher=AmericanRevolution.ORG}}</ref> A reproduction appears on the [[United States two-dollar bill]].<ref>"Facts About $2 Notes." Bureau of Engraving and Printing, United States Department of the Treasury. [http://www.bep.treas.gov/document.cfm/18/96] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007072402/http://www.bep.treas.gov/document.cfm/18/96|date=October 7, 2006}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Surrender of General Burgoyne.jpg|thumb|center|225px|'''''[[Surrender of General Burgoyne]]''''']] || John Trumbull || {{nowrap|Commissioned 1817,}} purchased 1822, placed 1826 || [[British Army|British soldiers]] under [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[John Burgoyne]] surrender after the American victory at the [[Battle of Saratoga]] in 1777. The central figure, from the [[Continental Army]], is [[General (United States)|General]] [[Horatio Gates]], who refused to accept the traditional sword of surrender that Burgoyne offered. Instead, treating his former foe as a gentleman, General Gates invited General Burgoyne into his tent. The other Americans, shown to the right, are officers serving in the Continental Army. || Trumbull planned this outdoor scene to contrast with ''Declaration of Independence'' (''above''), displayed beside it on the wall of the U.S. Capitol rotunda.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/surrender_burgoyne.cfm |title=Surrender of General Burgoyne |access-date=June 29, 2006 |archive-date=August 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817125721/http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/surrender_burgoyne.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> Both paintings show large groups of people, but one is an indoor scene, while the other is an outdoor scene of similar perspective.
The battle was a key victory for the Americans, prevented the division of [[New England]], and secured [[France in the American Revolutionary War|French military assistance to the Americans]].
|-
| [[File:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis.jpg|thumb|center|225px|'''''[[Surrender of Lord Cornwallis]]''''']] || John Trumbull || commissioned 1817, placed 1820 || A combined American-French force led by George Washington, the [[Marquis de Lafayette]], and [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Comte de Rochambeau]] accept the final surrender of British troops under Lord Cornwallis after the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. American General [[Benjamin Lincoln]] is portrayed at the center of the painting riding a white horse, with French officers on the left and Americans on the right, led by Washington on the brown horse. The British were represented by officers, but Lord Cornwallis himself was not present and was represented instead by Charles O'Hara. || The scene here depicts the same event as the "Surrender of Cornwallis" panel of the "Frieze of American History".  Trumbull was proud of the fact that he had painted portraits of the French officers while in France and included a small [[self-portrait]] of himself under the American flag on the right side of the painting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/surrender_cornwallis.cfm |title=Surrender of Cornwallis |access-date=June 29, 2006 |archive-date=June 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628211634/http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/surrender_cornwallis.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> As noted above, Washington declined O'Hara's sword because according to the custom of the time it would only be proper for Washington to receive the sword from Cornwallis himself; Major General Lincoln accepted the sword in Washington's place. The surrender led to the cessation of major Revolutionary War hostilities and British recognition of American independence in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]].
|-
| [[File:General George Washington Resigning his Commission.jpg|thumb|center|225px|'''''[[General George Washington Resigning His Commission]]''''']] || John Trumbull || commissioned 1817, placed 1824 || George Washington addresses [[United States Congress|Congress]] to [[George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief|resign his commission as commander-in-chief]] of the [[Continental Army]], on December 23, 1783. Washington is depicted along with two [[Aide-de-camp|aides-de-camp]], as he addresses the president of the Congress. Also shown in the painting are [[Thomas Mifflin]], [[Elbridge Gerry]], and three future U.S. presidents: [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Monroe]], and [[James Madison]]. His wife, [[Martha Washington]], and her three grandchildren, are shown watching from the gallery section (balcony area at right), although they were not in fact present at Washington's resignation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/washington_resigning.cfm |title=Washington's Resignation |access-date=June 29, 2006 |archive-date=June 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628195433/http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/washington_resigning.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>||  This celebrated incident established a strong tradition of [[civilian control of the military]] in the United States and the rejection of [[military dictatorship]] in favor of [[liberal democracy]]. The U.S. Congress, at the time, was meeting at the [[Maryland State House]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]].
|-
| {{Anchor|Landing of Columbus}}[[File:Landing of Columbus (2).jpg|thumb|center|225px|'''''Landing of Columbus''''']] || [[John Vanderlyn]] || commissioned 1836/1837, placed 1847 ||In the foreground, [[Christopher Columbus]] raises the royal banner to claim the land for Kingdom of Castile, and he stands bareheaded with his hat at his feet in honor of the sanctity of the event. The captains of the ships ''[[Niña (ship)|Niña]]'' and ''[[Pinta (ship)|Pinta]]'' follow, carrying the banner of the [[Catholic Monarchs]], [[Isabella I of Castile]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]. The crew displays a range of emotions, and some search for gold in the sand. Nearby, natives watch from behind a tree at the right.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/landing_columbus.cfm |title=Landing of Columbus |access-date=June 29, 2006 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209185209/https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/landing-columbus |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Columbus landed in the [[West Indies]], on [[San Salvador Island]] (Guanahani), on October 12, 1492. 
|-
| {{anchor|Discovery of the Mississippi}}[[File:Discovery of the Mississippi.jpg|thumb|center|225px|'''''Discovery of the Mississippi''''']] || [[William Henry Powell]] || commissioned 1847, purchased 1855 ||  At the center of the canvas, Spanish [[navigator]] and [[conquistador]] [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]] rides a white horse. De Soto and his troops approach Native Americans in front of [[tepee]]s, with a chief holding a [[ceremonial pipe]]. The foreground is filled by weapons and soldiers to represent the devastating battle at Mauvila (or [[Mabila]]), in which de Soto suffered a [[Pyrrhic victory]] over [[Choctaw]]s under [[Chief Tuscaloosa|Tuscaloosa]]. To the right, a [[monk]] prays as a large [[crucifix]] is set into the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/discovery_mississippi.cfm |title=Discovery of the Mississippi |access-date=June 29, 2006 |archive-date=June 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628205244/http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/discovery_mississippi.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>||  ''Discovery of the Mississippi'' was the last painting to be commissioned by Congress for the rotunda. De Soto is thought to have become the first European to see the [[Mississippi River]] in 1541.
|-
| {{Anchor|Baptism of Pocahontas}}[[File:Baptism of Pocahontas.jpg|thumb|center|225px|'''''Baptism of Pocahontas''''']] || [[John Gadsby Chapman]] || commissioned 1837, placed 1840  || Dressed in white, [[Pocahontas]] kneels, surrounded by family members, including her father, [[Chief Powhatan]], and several Jamestown colonists. Her brother Nantequas turns away from the ceremony. The baptism occurred before her marriage to the tobacco planter [[John Rolfe]], who stands behind her.  ||  Pocahontas was [[Baptism|baptized]] (under the name "[[Rebecca]]") by the [[Anglican]] priest [[Alexander Whitaker]] in [[Jamestown, Virginia]]. This event is believed to have taken place in 1613, and the marriage between Rolfe and Pocahontas helped to establish peaceful relations between the Jamestown colonists and the Tidewater tribes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/baptism-pocahontas|title = Baptism of Pocahontas &#124; Architect of the Capitol}}</ref>
|-
| {{anchor|Embarkation of the Pilgrims}}[[File:Embarkation of the Pilgrims.jpg|thumb|center|225px|'''''Embarkation of the Pilgrims''''']] || [[Robert Walter Weir]] || commissioned 1837, placed 1844|| The [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] appear on the deck of the ship ''[[Speedwell (1577 ship)|Speedwell]]'' as they depart [[Delfshaven]] in [[South Holland]] on July 22, 1620. [[William Brewster (pilgrim)|William Brewster]], holding the Bible, and pastor [[John Robinson (pastor)|John Robinson]] lead [[John Carver (Mayflower passenger)|Governor Carver]], [[William Bradford (1590-1657)|William Bradford]], [[Miles Standish]], and their families in prayer. The [[rainbow]], at the left side of the painting, symbolizes hope and divine protection.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/embarkation_pilgrims.cfm |title=Embarkation of the Pilgrims |access-date=June 29, 2006 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209185215/https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/embarkation-pilgrims |url-status=live }}</ref> || The Pilgrims traveled aboard the ''Speedwell'' to [[Southampton]]. There they met additional colonists and transferred to the ''[[Mayflower]]''.
|}

===''Apotheosis of Washington''===
[[File:Apotheosis of George Washington.jpg|thumb|''[[The Apotheosis of Washington]]'', as seen looking up from the rotunda]]
{{main article|The Apotheosis of Washington}}
''[[The Apotheosis of Washington]]'' is a large [[fresco]] by Greek-Italian [[Constantino Brumidi]], visible through the [[Oculus (architecture)|oculus]] of the dome of the rotunda. The fresco depicts [[George Washington]] sitting [[apotheosis|exalted amongst the heavens]]. It is suspended {{convert|180|ft|m}} above the rotunda floor and covers an area of {{convert|4664|sqft|m2}}.

===''Frieze of American History''===
The ''Frieze of American History'' is painted to appear as a carved stone [[bas-relief]] [[frieze]] but is actually a [[trompe-l'œil]] fresco cycle depicting 19 scenes from American history. The "frieze" occupies a band immediately below the 36 windows. Brumidi designed the frieze and prepared a sketch in 1859 but did not begin painting until 1878. Brumidi painted seven and a half scenes. While working on ''William Penn and the Indians'', Brumidi fell off the [[scaffolding]] and held on to a rail for 15 minutes until he was rescued. He died a few months later in 1880. After Brumidi's death, [[Filippo Costaggini]] was commissioned to complete the eight and a half remaining scenes in Brumidi's sketches. He finished in 1889 and left a {{convert|31|ft|m|0|sing=on}} gap due to an error in Brumidi's original design. In 1951, [[Allyn Cox]] completed the frieze.

Except for the last three panels named by Allyn Cox, the scenes have no particular titles and many variant titles have been given. The names given here are the names used by the Architect of the Capitol, which uses the names that Brumidi used most frequently in his letters and that were used in Edward Clark and by newspaper articles. The 19 panels are:

{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! Scene
! width="15%" | Artist
! Year
! Description
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:America and History.jpg|180px|thumb|center|America and History]]'''''
|[[Constantino Brumidi]]
|1878
|This is the first panel and the only allegorical one, portraying a [[Columbia (name)|personification of America]], wearing a [[Phrygian cap|liberty cap]], with spear and shield in the center, surrounded by other allegorical figures. To the right is a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] maiden with a bow and arrows, representing the wild [[North America]]n continent. At America's feet is a female [[Clio|personification of History]], with a stone tablet to record events. To the left of History is an eagle, perched on a [[fasces]], the [[ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] bundle of [[birch]] rods symbolizing [[Auctoritas|authority]]. To the left of America is another eagle, carrying the [[olive branch]] of peace. To the center-left in the background is a man in same pose as the [[Prospecting|prospector]] at the end of "Discovery of Gold in California"; this is because Brumidi planned to have the scene connect with his planned last one.
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Flickr - USCapitol - Landing of Columbus.jpg|185px|thumb|center|Landing of Columbus]]'''''
|Constantino Brumidi
|
|[[Christopher Columbus]] is depicted arriving in the Americas in the first of four scenes of the Spanish conquest. Columbus disembarks off a plank from the ''[[Santa María (ship)|Santa María]]''. His crew, armed with weapons, stays aboard; one crew member has a [[Telescope|spyglass]]. Native Americans are portrayed greeting Columbus. Indian women and children are shown, along with native warriors to the right. The Columbus figure may have been based on Luigi Persico statue of Columbus, which was at the time of the painting the on the east central steps of the Capitol.
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Cortez and Montezuma at Mexican Temple.jpg|185px|thumb|center|Cortez and Montezuma at Mexican Temple]]'''''
|Constantino Brumidi
|
|This panel shows the Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]] entering an [[Aztec]] [[Aztec mythology|temple]], being [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire#Cortés welcomed by Moctezuma|welcomed by Moctezuma II]]. At the beginning of the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]], [[Moctezuma II|Moctezuma]] and the Aztecs honored Cortés as a god, believing that he was the returning god [[Quetzalcoatl]]. The [[Aztec calendar stone]] and [[cult image]]s are based on sketches drawn by Brumidi in [[Mexico City]].
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Pizarro Going to Peru.jpg|185px|thumb|center|Pizarro Going to Peru]]'''''
|Constantino Brumidi
|
|Spanish conquistador [[Francisco Pizarro]] is depicted leading his horse through the jungle in search of [[El Dorado]], the mythical land of gold, in this representation of the [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]].
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Burial of DeSoto.jpg|180px|thumb|center|Burial of DeSoto]]'''''
|Constantino Brumidi
|
|This panel depicts the burial of Spanish explorer [[Hernando de Soto]] in the [[Mississippi River]] after his death from a [[fever]]. De Soto led the largest European expedition of both 15th and 16th centuries through the [[Southeastern United States|Southeast]] and [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] searching for gold, silver, and other valuables.
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Captain Smith and Pocahontas.jpg|180px|thumb|center|Captain Smith and Pocahontas]]'''''
|Constantino Brumidi
|
|[[Pocahontas]] is portrayed saving [[John Smith (explorer)|Captain John Smith]], one of the founders of [[Jamestown, Virginia]], from being clubbed to death.
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Landing of the Pilgrims.jpg|180px|thumb|center|Landing of the Pilgrims]]'''''
|Constantino Brumidi
|
|[[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] led by [[William Brewster (pilgrim)|William Brewster]] give thanks to God for their safe voyage aboard the ''[[Mayflower]]'' in this scene depicting [[Plymouth Colony]].
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | [[File:William Penn and the Indians.jpg|180px|thumb|center|'''''William Penn and the Indians''''']]
|Constantino Brumidi<br />Completed by [[Filippo Costaggini]]
|1880
|[[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] leader and [[Province of Pennsylvania]] founder [[William Penn]] is depicted with [[Lenape]] (Delaware) Native Americans under the [[elm]] tree at [[Shackamaxon]]. This is the last panel on which Brumidi worked.
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Colonization of New England.jpg|180px|thumb|center|Colonization of New England]]'''''
|Designed by Constantino Brumidi<br />Completed by Filippo Costaggini
|
|This panel shows [[New England]] settlers busily [[logging]], [[saw]]ing, and using [[Timber|lumber]] to construct a building. This is the first scene painted entirely by [[Filippo Costaggini]].
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Oglethorpe and the Indians.jpg|180px|thumb|center|Oglethorpe and the Indians]]'''''
|Designed by Constantino Brumidi<br />Completed by Filippo Costaggini
|
|[[James Oglethorpe]], founder of [[Province of Georgia|Georgia Colony]] and first [[Governor of Georgia|Georgia governor]], is shown with the [[Creek people|Muskogee]] (Creek) leaders in [[Savannah, Georgia]]. The [[Muscogee (Creek)|Muskogee]] present Oglethorpe with a [[American Bison|buffalo]] skin with an eagle in the center, a symbol of friendship and trust.
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Battle of Lexington.jpg|180px|thumb|center|Battle of Lexington]]'''''
|Designed by Constantino Brumidi<br />Completed by Filippo Costaggini
|
|This panel depicts the "[[shot heard 'round the world]]" at the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|Battle of Lexington]], the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War. [[Major (UK)|Major]] [[John Pitcairn]] is shown on horseback at center, with [[British Army]] or [[Royal Marines]] troops to the right and Lexington [[militia]]men at left.
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Costaggini painting--Reading of the Declaration of Independence.jpg|185px|thumb|center|Reading of the Declaration of Independence]]'''''
|Designed by Constantino Brumidi<br />Completed by Filippo Costaggini
|
|Idealized depiction of [[John Adams]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and [[Benjamin Franklin]], authors of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], reading the declaration to celebrating colonists.
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Surrender of Cornwallis.jpg|180px|thumb|center|Surrender of Cornwallis]]'''''
|Designed by Constantino Brumidi<br />Completed by Filippo Costaggini
|
|Depiction of [[George Washington]] on horseback receiving the ceremonial sword of surrender from [[Charles O'Hara]], who represented [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] after the final British defeat at the [[Siege of Yorktown|Battle of Yorktown]]. In reality, it is thought that Washington declined O'Hara's sword because according to the custom of the time it would only be proper for Washington to receive the sword from Cornwallis himself; [[Major General]] [[Benjamin Lincoln]] instead accepted the sword.
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Death of Tecumseh.jpg|180px|thumb|center|Death of Tecumseh]]'''''
|Designed by Constantino Brumidi<br />Completed by Filippo Costaggini
|
|This panel depicts the death of [[Shawnee]] chief and Indian Confederation leader [[Tecumseh]] at the [[Battle of the Thames]] in [[Upper Canada]] during the [[War of 1812]] (partially an extension of [[Tecumseh's War]]).
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:American Army Entering the City of Mexico.jpg|185px|thumb|center|American Army Entering the City of Mexico]]'''''
|Designed by Constantino Brumidi<br />Completed by Filippo Costaggini
|
|[[United States Army|U.S. Army]] troops led by [[Winfield Scott]] enter [[Mexico City]] after the [[Battle for Mexico City|fall of Mexico City]], which ended the [[Mexican–American War]] with a decisive U.S. victory. The 1848 [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]], which provided for the massive [[Mexican Cession]] of territory in what is now the [[Western United States]].
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Discovery of Gold in California.jpg|180px|thumb|center|Discovery of Gold in California]]'''''
|Designed by Constantino Brumidi<br />Completed by Filippo Costaggini
|1889
|[[Prospecting|Prospectors]] [[Gold extraction|dig]] and [[Placer mining|pan]] for gold with picks, shovels, and other tools in this depiction of the [[California Gold Rush]]. In the center, three men (one possibly representing [[John Sutter]]) examine a prospector's pan. This was the last scene designed by Brumidi and painted by Costaggini.
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Peace at the End of the Civil War.jpg|180px|thumb|center|Peace at the End of the Civil War]]'''''
|[[Allyn Cox]]
|
|This scene, the first of Cox's three panels, depicts a [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] soldier and a [[Union Army|Union]] soldier shaking hands at the end of the [[American Civil War]], symbolizing reconciliation and reunification. The [[cotton]] plant and the [[Eastern White Pine|Northern pine tree]] symbolize the [[Southern United States|South]] and the [[Northern United States|North]].
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:Naval Gun Crew in the Spanish-American War.jpg|185px|thumb|center|Naval Gun Crew in the Spanish–American War]]'''''
|Allyn Cox
|
|A group of [[United States Navy]] sailors in a gun crew are depicted in a [[naval battle]] during the [[Spanish–American War]]. and the United States won a victory over Spain in the war. The 1898 [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] provided for Cuba's independence from Spain and the U.S. acquisition of [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], and the [[Philippines]].
|-
| width="200px" align="center" | '''''[[File:The Birth of Aviation.jpg|185px|thumb|center|The Birth of Aviation]]'''''
|Allyn Cox
|1951
|This scene depicts the [[Wright brothers]]' first flight at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina|Kitty Hawk]] in 1903. The ''[[Wright Flyer]]'' is shown just off the ground, with Orville Wright in the plane and Wilbur Wright running alongside to steady the wing. To the left are [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]], and [[Octave Chanute]], other aviation pioneers, holding models of other [[early flying machines]]. An eagle holds an olive branch in the bottom right.
|}