Sin

==Christianity==
===Hamartiology===
{{Main|Christian views on sin}}
{{See also|Seven deadly sins}}
The doctrine of sin is central to Christianity, since its [[The gospel|basic message]] is about [[redemption (theology)|redemption]] in [[Jesus in Christianity|Christ]].<ref>Rahner, p. 1588</ref> [[Christianity|Christian]] [[hamartiology]] describes sin as an act of offense against [[God in Christianity|God]] by despising his [[Trinity|persons]] and [[Biblical law in Christianity|Christian biblical law]], and by injuring others.<ref>Sabourin, p. 696</ref> In Christian views it is an [[evil]] human act, which violates the rational nature of man as well as [[Trinity|God's nature]] and his [[eternal law]]. According to the classical definition of [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine of Hippo]] sin is "a word, deed, or desire in opposition to the eternal law of God."<ref>''Contra Faustum Manichaeum'', 22, 27; [[Patrologia Latina|PL]] 42, 418; cf. [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Summa Theologica|STh]] I–II q71 a6.</ref><ref>Mc Guinness, p. 241</ref> Thus, sin requires redemption, a metaphor alluding to atonement, in which the death of Jesus is the price that is paid to release the faithful from the bondage of sin.<ref>Gruden, Wayne. Systemic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine, Nottingham: Intervarsity Press, p. 580</ref> In some forms of Christianity, it also requires reparation (see [[penance]]).

Among some scholars, sin is understood mostly as a legal infraction or contract violation of non-binding philosophical frameworks and perspectives of [[Christian ethics]], and so [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] tends to be viewed in legal terms. Other Christian scholars understand sin to be fundamentally relational—a loss of love for the [[God in Christianity|Christian God]] and an elevation of [[self-love]] ("concupiscence", in this sense), as was later propounded by Augustine in his debate with the [[Pelagianism|Pelagians]].<ref>''On Grace and Free Will'' (see ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', trans. P.Holmes, vol. 5; 30–31 [14–15]).</ref> As with the legal definition of sin, this definition also affects the understanding of [[Grace in Christianity|Christian grace]] and salvation, which are thus viewed in relational terms.<ref>For a historical review of this understanding, see R.N.Frost, "Sin and Grace", in Paul L. Metzger, ''Trinitarian Soundings'', T&T Clark, 2005.</ref>

===Original sin{{Anchor|Original sin}}===
{{Main|Original sin}}
[[File:Forbidden fruit.jpg|thumb|A [[Sistine Chapel]] [[fresco]] depicts the [[Expulsion from the Garden of Eden|expulsion]] of [[Adam and Eve]] for [[Original sin|transgressing God's command]] not to eat [[Forbidden fruit|the fruit]] of the [[Tree of the knowledge of good and evil]].]]

This condition has been characterized in many ways, ranging from something as insignificant as the tendency toward sin, referred to as a "sin nature", to something as drastic as [[total depravity]], the teaching that humans, apart from God's grace, are incapable of choosing to do good.<ref name="Burson2016">{{cite book |last1=Burson |first1=Scott R. |title=Brian McLaren in Focus: A New Kind of Apologetic |date=13 September 2016 |publisher=ACU Press |isbn=978-0-89112-650-8 |language=English |quote=...affirms the total depravity of human beings and their utter helplessness even to exercise a good will toward God apart from God's supernatural, assisting grace.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brodd|first=Jeffrey|title=World Religions|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|year=2003|location=Winona, MN|isbn=978-0-88489-725-5}}</ref>

The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by [[Irenaeus]], [[Bishop of Lyon]] in his controversy with certain [[dualistic cosmology|dualist]] [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]].<ref>"In the person of the first Adam we offend God, disobeying His precept" (Haeres., V, xvi, 3).</ref> Other church fathers such as [[Augustine]] also shaped and developed the doctrine,<ref>Patte, Daniel. The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity. Ed. Daniel Patte. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 892</ref> seeing it as based on the [[New Testament]] teaching of [[Paul the Apostle]] ([[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] {{bibleref2-nb|Romans|5:12–21}} and [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]] {{bibleref2-nb|1 Corinthians|15:21–22}}) and the [[Old Testament]] verse of [[Psalms]] {{bibleref2-nb|Psalm|51:5}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Peter Nathan |url=http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=227 |title=The Original View of Original Sin |website=Vision.org |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/num54.htm |title=Original Sin Explained and Defended: Reply to an Assemblies of God Pastor |website=Philvaz.com |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/ Preamble and Articles of Faith] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020030856/http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/ |date=20 October 2013 }} – V. Sin, Original and Personal – Church of the Nazarene. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php Are Babies Born with Sin?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173528/http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php |date=21 October 2013 }} – Topical Bible Studies. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Original Sin: Psalm 51:5 |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55992/original-sin |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref> [[Tertullian]], [[Cyprian]], [[Ambrose]] and [[Ambrosiaster]] considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine's]] formulation of original sin after 412 CE was popular among [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant reformers]], such as [[Martin Luther]] and [[John Calvin]], who equated original sin with [[concupiscence]] (or "hurtful desire"), affirming that it persisted even after [[baptism]] and completely destroyed freedom to do good. Before 412 CE, Augustine said that free will was weakened but not destroyed by original sin. But after 412 CE this changed to a loss of free will except to sin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Kenneth |title=Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology |date=2018 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |location=Tübingen |isbn=9783161557538 |pages=16–18, 157–187}}</ref> Modern [[Augustinian Calvinism]] holds this later view. The [[Jansenism|Jansenist]] movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed [[Free will|freedom of will]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08285a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jansenius and Jansenism |website=Newadvent.org |date=1 October 1910 |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> Instead the Catholic Church declares that Baptism erases original sin.<ref>Catholic Church. [https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s2c1a1.htm "The Seven Sacraments of the Church."] ''Catechism of the Catholic Church''. ''LA Santa Sede''. 19 November 2019.</ref> [[Methodist theology]] teaches that original sin is eradicted through [[entire sanctification]].<ref name="Whidden2005">{{cite web |last1=Whidden |first1=Woodrow W. |title=Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection |url=https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203 |publisher=Biblical Research Institute |access-date=30 June 2019 |language=en |date=18 April 2005}}</ref>