Republican Party (United States)

=== First half of the 20th century ===
====Progressives vs. Standpatters====
[[File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Theodore Roosevelt]], the 26th president (1901–1909)]]

[[1896 United States presidential election|The 1896 realignment]] cemented the Republicans as the party of big businesses while president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] added more small business support by his embrace of [[trust busting]]. He handpicked his successor [[William Howard Taft]] in [[1908 United States presidential election|the 1908 election]], but they became enemies as the party split down the middle. Taft defeated Roosevelt for [[1912 Republican Party presidential primaries|the 1912 nomination]] so Roosevelt stormed out of the convention and started a new party. Roosevelt ran on the ticket of [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)|his new Progressive Party]]. He called for [[Modern liberalism in the United States|social reforms]], many of which were later championed by [[New Deal Democrats]] in the 1930s. He lost and when most of his supporters returned to the GOP, they found they did not agree with the new [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative economic thinking]], leading to an ideological shift to the right in the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894529_1894528_1894519,00.html |title=The Ol' Switcheroo. Theodore Roosevelt, 1912 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=April 29, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005180052/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894529_1894528_1894519,00.html |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Republicans returned to the presidency in the 1920s, winning on [[Return to normalcy|platforms of normalcy]], business-oriented efficiency, and high tariffs.<ref>George H. Mayer, ''The Republican Party, 1854-1964'' (1965) pp. 328-427, [https://archive.org/details/republicanparty100maye online]</ref> The national party platform avoided mention of prohibition, instead issuing a vague commitment to [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]].<ref>David E. Kyvig, ''Repealing National Prohibition'' (2000) pp. 63–65.</ref> The [[Teapot Dome scandal]] threatened to hurt the party under [[Warren G. Harding]]. He died in 1923 and [[Calvin Coolidge]] easily defeated the splintered opposition in 1924.<ref>Garland S. Tucker, III, ''The high tide of American conservatism: Davis, Coolidge, and the 1924 election'' (2010) [https://archive.org/details/hightideofameric00garl/mode/1up online]</ref> The pro-business policies of the decade produced an unprecedented prosperity until the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] heralded the Great Depression.<ref>Robert K. Murray, ''The politics of normalcy: governmental theory and practice in the Harding-Coolidge era'' (1973) [[iarchive:politicsofnormal00robe/page/n5/mode/1up|online]]</ref>

==== Roosevelt and the New Deal era ====
{{Main|Old Right (United States)|Fifth Party System|History of the United States Republican Party#Fighting the New Deal Coalition: 1932–1980}}
The New Deal coalition forged by Democratic president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, excluding the presidency of Republican [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in the 1950s. After Roosevelt took office in 1933, [[New Deal]] legislation sailed through Congress and the economy moved sharply upward from its nadir in early 1933. However, long-term unemployment remained a drag until 1940. In [[1934 United States elections|the 1934 elections]], 10 Republican senators went down to defeat, leaving the GOP with only 25 senators against 71 Democrats. The House likewise had overwhelming Democratic majorities.<ref>Lewis Gould, ''Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans ''(2003) pp. 271–308.</ref>

The Republican Party factionalized into [[Old Right (United States)|a majority Old Right]], based predominantly in [[Midwestern United States|the Midwest]], and a liberal wing based in [[Northeastern United States|the Northeast]] that supported much of the New Deal. The Old Right sharply attacked the [[Second New Deal]], saying it represented [[class warfare]] and [[Socialism in the United States|socialism]]. Roosevelt was [[1936 United States presidential election|easily re-elected president in 1936]]; however, as his second term began, [[Recession of 1937–1938|the economy declined]], strikes soared, and he [[Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937|failed to take control of the Supreme Court]] and purge [[Conservative Democrat#1932–1948: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal coalition|the Southern conservatives]] from the Democratic Party. Republicans made a major comeback in [[1938 United States House of Representatives elections|the 1938 House elections]] and had new rising stars such as [[Robert A. Taft]] of [[Ohio]] on the right and [[Thomas E. Dewey]] of New York on the left.<ref name="Bowen">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uncpress.org/book/9781469618968/the-roots-of-modern-conservatism|title=The Roots of Modern Conservatism {{!}} Michael Bowen|website=University of North Carolina Press|access-date=May 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522220118/https://www.uncpress.org/book/9781469618968/the-roots-of-modern-conservatism/|archive-date=May 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Southern conservatives joined with most Republicans to form the [[conservative coalition]], which dominated domestic issues in Congress until 1964. By the time of [[World War II]], both parties split on foreign policy issues, with the anti-war [[isolationists]] dominant in the Republican Party and [[Interventionism (politics)|the interventionists]] who wanted to stop German dictator [[Adolf Hitler]] dominant in the Democratic Party. Roosevelt [[1940 United States presidential election|won a third term in 1940]] and [[1944 United States presidential election|a fourth in 1944]]. Conservatives abolished most of the New Deal during the war, but they did not attempt to do away with [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] or the agencies that regulated business.<ref>Gould, pp. 271–308.</ref>

Historian [[George H. Nash]] argues: <blockquote>Unlike the "moderate", internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" and the essential premises of President [[Harry S. Truman]]'s foreign policy, the Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary. Anti-collectivist, [[anti-Communist]], anti-New Deal, passionately committed to [[limited government]], [[free market economics]], and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two-front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me-too" Republicans from within.<ref>Quote on p. 261 {{cite journal |jstor = 2702450|title = The Republican Right from Taft to Reagan|last1 = Nash|first1 = George H.|last2 = Reinhard|first2 = David W.|journal = Reviews in American History|volume = 12|issue = 2|pages = 261–265|year = 1984|doi = 10.2307/2702450}} Nash references David W. Reinhard, ''The Republican Right since 1945'', (University Press of Kentucky, 1983).</ref></blockquote>

After 1945, the internationalist wing of the GOP cooperated with Truman's [[Cold War]] foreign policy, funded the [[Marshall Plan]] and supported [[NATO]], despite the continued isolationism of the Old Right.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://mises-media.s3.amazonaws.com/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf | title=The Betrayal of the American Right | publisher=Mises Institute | first=Murray | last=Rothbard | year=2007 | page=85 | access-date=July 21, 2019 | archive-date=February 22, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222013938/https://mises-media.s3.amazonaws.com/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>