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Do not fill this in! ===Latin and Greek phases of Renaissance humanism=== {{see also|Greek scholars in the Renaissance|Transmission of the Greek Classics}} [[File:Salutati.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Coluccio Salutati]]]] In stark contrast to the [[High Middle Ages]], when Latin scholars focused almost entirely on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural science, philosophy and mathematics,{{efn|For information on this earlier, very different approach to a different set of ancient texts (scientific texts rather than cultural texts) see [[Latin translations of the 12th century]], and [[Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe]].}} Renaissance scholars were most interested in recovering and studying Latin and Greek literary, historical, and oratorical texts. Broadly speaking, this began in the 14th century with a Latin phase, when Renaissance scholars such as [[Petrarch]], [[Coluccio Salutati]] (1331β1406), [[NiccolΓ² de' Niccoli]] (1364β1437), and [[Poggio Bracciolini]] (1380β1459) scoured the libraries of Europe in search of works by such Latin authors as [[Cicero]], [[Lucretius]], [[Livy]], and [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]].<ref>{{harvnb|Reynolds|Wilson|1974|pp=113β123}}</ref> By the early 15th century, the bulk of the surviving such Latin literature had been recovered; the Greek phase of Renaissance humanism was under way, as Western European scholars turned to recovering ancient Greek literary, historical, oratorical and theological texts.<ref>{{harvnb|Reynolds|Wilson|1974|pp=123, 130β137}}</ref> Unlike with Latin texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe. Ancient Greek works on science, mathematics, and philosophy had been studied since the [[High Middle Ages]] in Western Europe and in the [[Islamic Golden Age]] (normally in translation), but Greek literary, oratorical and historical works (such as [[Homer]], the Greek dramatists, [[Demosthenes]] and [[Thucydides]]) were not studied in either the Latin or medieval [[Islamic world]]s; in the Middle Ages these sorts of texts were only studied by Byzantine scholars. Some argue that the [[Timurid Renaissance]] in [[Samarkand]] and [[Herat]], whose magnificence toned with Florence as the center of a cultural rebirth,<ref>''Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective'', p. 129 {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'', p. 465 {{ISBN?}}</ref> were linked to the [[Ottoman Empire]], whose conquests led to the migration of [[Greek scholars in the Renaissance|Greek scholars]] to Italian cities.<ref>''The Connoisseur'', Volume 219, p. 128.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}}<ref>''Europe in the second millennium: a hegemony achieved?'', p. 58</ref>{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}}<ref name=Britannica1/><ref>Harris, Michael H. ''History of Libraries in the Western World'', Scarecrow Press, 1999, p. 145, {{ISBN|0810837242}}.</ref> One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity. [[Muslims|Muslim]] logicians, most notably [[Avicenna]] and [[Averroes]], had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Egypt]] and the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Levant]]. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into [[Al-Andalus|Iberia]] and [[Emirate of Sicily|Sicily]], which became important centers for this transmission of ideas. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, many schools dedicated to the translation of philosophical and scientific works from [[Classical Arabic]] to [[Medieval Latin]] were established in Iberia, most notably the [[Toledo School of Translators]]. This work of translation from Islamic culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history.<ref name="MP">[https://books.google.com/books?id=kKGgoNo4un0C&pg=PA261 ''Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society''], Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, Margaret C. Jacob, James R. Jacob, 2008, pp. 261β262.</ref> The movement to reintegrate the regular study of Greek literary, historical, oratorical, and theological texts back into the Western European curriculum is usually dated to the 1396 invitation from Coluccio Salutati to the Byzantine diplomat and scholar [[Manuel Chrysoloras]] (c. 1355β1415) to teach Greek in Florence.<ref>{{harvnb|Reynolds|Wilson|1974|pp=119, 131}}</ref> This legacy was continued by a number of expatriate Greek scholars, from [[Basilios Bessarion]] to [[Leo Allatius]]. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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