Quebec Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===New France (1608–1763)=== {{Main|Canada (New France)|New France}} [[File:Three_chiefs_of_the_Huron.jpg|left|thumb|Three Huron-Wyandot chiefs from [[Wendake, Quebec|Wendake]]. New France had largely peaceful relations with the Indigenous people, such as their allies the Huron. After the [[Beaver Wars|defeat of the Huron]] by their mutual enemy, the [[Iroquois]], many fled from Ontario to Quebec.]] In 1608, Samuel de Champlain<ref>{{cite web |title=Champlain, Samuel de |volume=I (1000-1700) |work=Dictionnaire biographique du Canada|url=http://www.biographi.ca/fr/bio/champlain_samuel_de_1F.html|year=1966|last=Trudel|first=Marcel |language=fr}}</ref> returned to the region as head of an exploration party. On July 3, 1608, with the support of King [[Henri IV|Henry IV]], he founded the [[Habitation de Québec]] (now Quebec City) and made it the capital of New France and its regions (which, at the time, were [[Acadia]], ''Canada'' and [[Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador|Plaisance]] in [[Terre-Neuve (New France)|Newfoundland]]).<ref name=mathieu/> The settlement was built as a permanent fur trading outpost, where First Nations traded their furs for French goods, such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing.<ref name="LeaMilward20012">{{cite book|first1=David |last1=Lea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7WayaUhkUEC&pg=PA43|title=A Political Chronology of the Americas|first2=Colette |last2=Milward|first3=Annamarie |last3=Rowe |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85743-118-6|page=43}}</ref> Several missionary groups arrived in New France after the founding of Quebec City, like the [[Recollects]] in 1615, the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] in 1625 and the [[Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice|Supliciens]] in 1657. [[Coureurs des bois]] and [[Catholic missions|Catholic missionaries]] used river [[canoe]]s to explore the interior of North America and establish fur trading forts.<ref name="Poulter20102">{{cite book|first=Gillian |last=Poulter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwJeuNYb4bIC&pg=PA33|title=Becoming Native in a Foreign Land: Sport, Visual Culture, and Identity in Montreal, 1840–85|publisher=UBC Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7748-1642-7|page=33}}</ref><ref name="Chartrand2013b2">{{cite book|first=Rene |last=Chartrand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihSrWOl-zsIC&pg=PA1736|title=French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4728-0317-7}}</ref> The [[Compagnie des Cent-Associés]], which had been granted a royal mandate to manage New France in 1627, introduced the [[Custom of Paris in New France|Custom of Paris]] and the [[Seigneurial system of New France|seigneurial system]], and forbade settlement in New France by anyone other than [[Roman Catholic]]s.<ref name="Harris19842">{{cite book|first=Richard |last=Cole Harris|url=https://archive.org/details/seigneurialsyste0000harr_b4j9|title=The Seigneurial System in Early Canada: A Geographical Study|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0-7735-0434-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/seigneurialsyste0000harr_b4j9/page/105 105]–109|url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1629, [[surrender of Quebec|Quebec City surrendered]], without battle, to English [[privateer]]s led by [[David Kirke]] during the [[Anglo-French War (1627–29)|Anglo-French War]]; in 1632, the English king agreed to return it with the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)|Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]. [[Trois-Rivières]] was founded at Samuel de Champlain's request in 1634.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trois-Rivières {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/trois-rivieres |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> [[Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve|Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve]] founded [[Fort Ville-Marie|Ville-Marie]] (now Montreal) in 1642. In 1663, the Company of New France ceded Canada to [[King Louis XIV]], who officially made New France into a royal province of France.<ref name=rois>{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/fr/patrimoine-canadien/services/famille-royale/rois-reines.html#c13|title=Rois et reines du Canada|date=August 11, 2017|publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> New France was now a [[First French colonial empire|true colony]] administered by the [[Sovereign Council of New France]] from Quebec City. A [[Governor of New France|governor-general]], assisted by the [[intendant of New France]] and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec|bishop of Quebec City]], governed Canada and its administrative dependencies: Acadia, [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] and Plaisance.<ref name="Hayes20082">{{cite book|first=Derek|last=Hayes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrkq7t_4080C&pg=PA33|title=Canada: An Illustrated History|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|year=2008|isbn=978-1-55365-259-5|page=33}}</ref> The French settlers were mostly farmers and were known as "[[Canadiens]]" or "[[Habitants]]". Though there was little immigration,<ref name="Preston20092">{{cite book|first=David L.|last=Preston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43|title=The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8032-2549-7|page=43}}</ref> the colony still grew because of the Habitants' high birth rates.<ref name="Powell20092">{{cite book|first=John|last=Powell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA203|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=203}}</ref><ref name="McIlwraithMuller20012">{{cite book|first1=Thomas F.|last1=McIlwraith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa--xLT_dRYC&pg=PA72|title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent|first2=Edward K.|last2=Muller|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-1-4616-3960-2|page=72}}</ref> In 1665, the [[Régiment de Carignan-Salières|Carignan-Salières regiment]] developed the string of fortifications known as the "Valley of Forts" to protect against Iroquois invasions and brought along with them 1,200 new men.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/fr/article-357/Fortifications_au_Qu%C3%A9bec,_un_patrimoine_arch%C3%A9ologique.html#.YOPFkugSg2w|publisher= Amerique francaise|title=Fortifications au Quebec|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> To redress the severe gender imbalance and boost population growth, King Louis XIV sponsored the passage of approximately 800 young French women ([[les filles du roi|King's Daughters]]) to the colony.<ref name=rois/> In 1666, intendant [[Jean Talon]] organized the first census and counted 3,215 Habitants. Talon also enacted policies to diversify agriculture and encourage births, which, in 1672, had increased the population to 6,700.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://histoire-du-quebec.ca/recensement-canada/|title=Premier recensement au Canada (Nouvelle-France)|publisher=Histoire du Quebec|accessdate=July 5, 2021}}</ref> New France's territory grew to extend from [[Hudson Bay]] all the way to the [[Gulf of Mexico]], and would also encompass the [[Great Lakes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.museedelhistoire.ca/musee-virtuel-de-la-nouvelle-france/les-explorateurs/rene-robert-cavelier-de-la-salle-1670-1687/|publisher=Canadian Museum of History|title=René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle 1670-1687|accessdate=July 5, 2021}}</ref> In the early 1700s, [[Louis-Hector de Callière|Governor Callières]] concluded the [[Great Peace of Montreal]], which not only confirmed the alliance between the Algonquian and New France, but also definitively ended the Iroquois Wars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Beaver_Wars|publisher=Ohio History Central|title=Beaver Wars|accessdate=July 5, 2021}}</ref> From 1688 onwards, the fierce competition between the French and British to control North America's interior and monopolize the fur trade pitted New France and its Indigenous allies against the Iroquois and English in a series of four successive wars called the [[French and Indian Wars]] by Americans, and the Intercolonial Wars in Quebec.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/King-Williams-War|title=King William's War|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=July 29, 2019}}</ref> The first three of these wars were [[King William's War]] (1688–1697), [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713), and [[King George's War]] (1744–1748). In 1690, the [[Battle of Quebec (1690)|Battle of Quebec]] became the first time Quebec City's defences were tested. In 1713, following the [[Peace of Utrecht]], the [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Duke of Orléans]] ceded Acadia and [[Placentia Bay|Plaisance Bay]] to Great Britain, but retained [[Isle Saint-Jean|Île Saint-Jean]] ([[Prince Edward Island]]), and [[Île-Royale (New France)|Île-Royale]] ([[Cape Breton Island]]) where the [[Fortress of Louisbourg]] was subsequently erected. These losses were significant since Plaisance Bay was the primary communication route between New France and France, and Acadia contained 5,000 [[Acadian people|Acadians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/treaties-of-Utrecht|title=Treaties of Utrecht |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=July 29, 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Charpentier|Durocher|Laville|Linteau|1985|p=115}} In the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1745)|siege of Louisbourg]] in 1745, the British were victorious, but returned the city to France after war concessions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/louisbourg|title=Louisbourg|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|last=Moore|first=Christopher|date=March 2, 2017}}</ref> [[Image:Montcalm leading his troops at the Plains of Abraham.jpg|thumb|Montcalm leading his troops into battle. Watercolour by [[Charles William Jefferys]].]] The last of the four French and Indian Wars was called the [[Seven Years' War]] ("The War of the [[Conquest of New France (1758–1760)|Conquest]]" in Quebec) and lasted from 1754 to 1763.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Seven Years' War|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seven-years-war/|date=March 24, 2021|last=Eccles|first=WJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Canadian National Battlefields Commission|title=The Siege of Québec: An episode of the Seven Years' War|url=http://bataille.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca/en/guerre-de-sept-ans/contexte.php|url-status=live|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110726113932/http://bataille.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca/en/guerre-de-sept-ans/contexte.php|archivedate=July 26, 2011|accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref> In 1754, tensions escalated for control of the [[Ohio Valley]], as authorities in New France became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from the area.<ref>O'Meara, pp. 15–19</ref> In 1754, [[George Washington]] launched a surprise attack on a group of sleeping Canadien soldiers, known as the [[Battle of Jumonville Glen]], the first battle of the war. In 1755, Governor [[Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)|Charles Lawrence]] and Officer [[Robert Monckton]] ordered the forceful [[Deportation of the Acadians]]. In 1758, on Île-Royale, British General James Wolfe [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|besieged and captured]] the Fortress of Louisbourg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/fra/nouvelles/communiques-de-presse/Pages/2013/acquisition-documents-historiques-louisbourg.aspx|title=ARCHIVÉE - Le gouvernement du Canada fait l'acquisition de documents historiques importants concernant le siège de Louisbourg de 1758|date=December 6, 2013|publisher=Library and Archives Canada}}</ref> This allowed him to control access to the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] through the [[Cabot Strait]]. In 1759, he besieged Quebec for nearly three months from [[Île d'Orléans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/rpcq/detail.do?methode=consulter&id=25650&type=pge|publisher=Gouvernement du Quebec|title=Siège de Québec par Wolfe|accessdate=July 5, 2021}}</ref> Then, Wolfe stormed Quebec and fought against Montcalm for control of the city in the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]]. After a British victory, the [[Steward (office)|king's lieutenant]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay|Lord of Ramezay]] concluded the [[Articles of Capitulation of Quebec]]. During the spring of 1760, the [[François Gaston de Lévis|Chevalier de Lévis]] besieged Quebec City and forced the British to entrench themselves during the [[Battle of Sainte-Foy]]. However, the loss of the French vessels sent to resupply New France after the fall of Quebec City during the [[Battle of Restigouche]] marked the end of France's efforts to try to retake the colony. [[Pierre de Rigaud, marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial|Governor Pierre de Rigaud, marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial]] signed the [[Articles of Capitulation of Montreal]] on September 8, 1760. While awaiting the results of the Seven Years' War in Europe, New France was put under a [[British military regime in New France|British military regime]] led by Governor [[James Murray (British Army officer, born 1721)|James Murray]].<ref name="britannica murray">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Murray-British-soldier-and-official|title=James Murray: British soldier and official|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=July 29, 2019}}</ref> In 1762, Commander [[Jeffery Amherst]] ended the French presence in Newfoundland at the [[Battle of Signal Hill]]. Two months later, France secretly ceded the western part of Louisiana and the [[Mississippi River Delta]] to Spain via the [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)|Treaty of Fontainebleau]]. On February 10, 1763, the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] concluded the war. With the exception of the small islands of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], France ceded its North American possessions to Great Britain.{{sfn |Hunter|1999| pp=505–506}} Thus, France had put an end to New France and abandoned the remaining 60,000 Canadiens, who sided with the Catholic [[clergy]] in refusing to take an oath to the [[British Crown]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Paris-1763|title=Treaty of Paris - 1763|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=July 29, 2019}}</ref> The rupture from France would provoke a transformation within the [[French Canadians|descendants of the Canadiens]] that would eventually result in the [[nation|birth of a new nation]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/haf/1958-v12-n2-haf2023/301901ar.pdf|title=Les Canadiens apres la conquete|journal=Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française|first=Michel|last=Brunet|year=1958|volume=12}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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