Phoenix, Arizona

===1900 to World War II===
[[File:Phoenix1908.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Refer to caption|Central Avenue, Phoenix, 1908]]

On February 25, 1901, Governor [[Oakes Murphy]] dedicated the permanent [[Arizona State Capitol|Capitol building]],<ref name=Phxgov /> and the [[Phoenix Carnegie Library and Library Park|Carnegie Free Library]] opened seven years later, on February 18, 1908, dedicated by Benjamin Fowler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=96837a7b-19b5-4010-808e-7d9ae7bfbd04 |publisher=National Park Service |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Phoenix Carnegie Library and Library Park |access-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407100007/http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=96837a7b-19b5-4010-808e-7d9ae7bfbd04 |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Newlands Reclamation Act|National Reclamation Act]] was signed by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in 1902, which allowed dams to be built on waterways in the west for reclamation purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccrh.org/comm/umatilla/primary/newlands.htm |publisher=Center for Columbia River History |title=Reclamation Act/Newlands Act of 1902 |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171114/http://www.ccrh.org/comm/umatilla/primary/newlands.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first dam constructed under the act, [[Theodore Roosevelt Dam|Salt River Dam#1]], began in 1903. It supplied both water and electricity, becoming the first multi-purpose dam, and Roosevelt attended the official dedication on May 18, 1911. At the time, it was the largest masonry dam in the world, forming [[Theodore Roosevelt Lake|a lake]] in the mountains east of Phoenix.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srpnet.com/water/dams/roosevelt.aspx |publisher=Salt River Project |title=Theodore Roosevelt Dam |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200331/http://www.srpnet.com/water/dams/roosevelt.aspx |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The dam would be renamed after Teddy Roosevelt in 1917,<ref>{{cite web|title=GNIS Detail: Theodore Roosevelt Dam|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:42945|website=USGS|publisher=United States Department of the Interior|access-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> and the lake would follow suit in 1959.<ref>{{cite web|title=GNIS Detail: Theodore Roosevelt Lake|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:42942|website=USGS|publisher=United States Department of the Interior|access-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref>

On February 14, 1912, Phoenix became a state capital, as Arizona was admitted to the Union as the 48th state under President [[William Howard Taft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona |publisher=History.com |title=Arizona |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055223/http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This occurred just six months after Taft had vetoed a joint congressional resolution granting statehood to Arizona, due to his disapproval of the state constitution's position on the recall of judges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/nm-az-statehood/taft-veto.html |publisher=National Archives |title=President William Howard Taft's veto of H.J. Res. 14 to admit the territories of New Mexico and Arizona as States into the Union, August 15, 1911 |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403094105/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/nm-az-statehood/taft-veto.html |archive-date=April 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1913, Phoenix's move from a mayor-council system to [[Council-Manager government|council-manager]] made it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government. After statehood, Phoenix's growth started to accelerate; eight years later, its population reached 29,053. In 1920, Phoenix would see its first skyscraper, the [[Heard Building]]; it was the tallest building in the state until the completion of the [[Luhrs Building]] in 1924.<ref name=Phxgov /> In 1929, [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor]] was officially opened, at the time owned by [[Grand Canyon Airlines|Scenic Airways]]. The city purchased it in 1935 and continues to operate it today.<ref name=Skyharbor>{{cite web |url=http://skyharbor.com/about/earlyYears.html |title=1935 and The Farm – Sky Harbor's Early Years and Memories |publisher=skyharbor.com |date=August 30, 1930 |access-date=February 5, 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Phoenix downtown03.ca1940s.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photo of the skyline of downtown Phoenix circa 1940|Phoenix skyline, c. 1940]]

On March 4, 1930, former U.S. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] dedicated a dam on the Gila River named in his honor. However, the state had just been through a long drought, and the reservoir which was supposed to be behind the dam was virtually dry. The humorist [[Will Rogers]], who was on hand as a guest speaker joked, "If that was my lake, I'd mow it."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/road-trips/2014/12/12/arizona-scenic-drive-globe-safford/20091963/ |newspaper=Arizona Republic |title=Arizona scenic drive: Globe to Safford |date=October 2, 2015 |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6g8qERyv7?url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/road-trips/2014/12/12/arizona-scenic-drive-globe-safford/20091963/ |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Phoenix's population had nearly doubled during the 1920s and by 1930 stood at 48,118.<ref name=Phxgov /> It was also during the 1930s that Phoenix and its surrounding area began to be called "The Valley of the Sun", which was an advertising slogan invented to boost tourism.<ref name=Valley101>{{Cite book | publisher=Primer Publishers | year=1999 | last=Thompson | first=Clay | title=Valley 101: A Slightly Skewed Guide to Living in Arizona | pages=[https://archive.org/details/claythompsonsval0000thom/page/1 1–2] | isbn=978-0-935810-71-4 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/claythompsonsval0000thom/page/1 }}</ref>

During World War II, Phoenix's economy shifted to that of a distribution center, transforming into an "embryonic industrial city" with the mass production of military supplies.<ref name=Phxgov/> There were three air force fields in the area: [[Luke Air Force Base|Luke Field]], [[Williams Air Force Base|Williams Field]], and [[Falcon Field (Arizona)|Falcon Field]], as well as two large pilot training camps, [[Thunderbird Field No. 1]] in Glendale and [[Scottsdale Airport|Thunderbird Field No. 2]] in Scottsdale.<ref name=Phxgov /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/airport/history.asp |title=Scottsdale Airport History |publisher=scottsdaleaz.gov |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Manning |first=Thomas A. |year=2005 |title=History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofaireduc00gop |publisher=Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC |place=Randolph AFB, Texas |isbn=978-1-178-48983-5}}</ref>