New Zealand

===Foreign relations and military===
{{Main|Foreign relations of New Zealand|New Zealand Defence Force}}
[[File:P20220531AS-0492-2 (52245764500).jpg|thumb|Former New Zealand prime minister [[Jacinda Ardern]] with US president [[Joe Biden]] in the [[Oval Office]], 2022]]

During the period of the New Zealand colony, Britain was responsible for external trade and foreign relations.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=External Relations |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/history-constitutional/10 |access-date=7 January 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120154326/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/history-constitutional/10 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1923 and 1926 [[Imperial Conference]]s decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate its own political [[treaties]], and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. On 3 September 1939, New Zealand allied itself with Britain and [[Declaration of war|declared war]] on Germany with Prime Minister [[Michael Joseph Savage]] proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand".<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael Joseph Savage |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/michael-joseph-savage-biography |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=July 2010 |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927012124/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/michael-joseph-savage-biography |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:E 003261 E Maoris in North Africa July 1941.jpg|thumb|[[Māori Battalion]] [[haka]] in Egypt, 1941|alt=A squad of men kneel in the desert sand while performing a war dance]]

In 1951, the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.victoria.ac.nz/css/docs/Working_Papers/WP21.pdf |title=Globalisation, Sovereignty, and the Transformation of New Zealand Foreign Policy |first=Robert |last=Patman |access-date=12 March 2007 |work=Working Paper 21/05 |publisher=Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington |page=8 |date=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070925192858/http://www.victoria.ac.nz/css/docs/Working_Papers/WP21.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2007}}</ref> while New Zealand joined [[Australia–New Zealand relations|Australia]] and the [[New Zealand–United States relations|United States]] in the [[ANZUS]] security treaty.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.australianpolitics.com/foreign/anzus/anzus-treaty.shtml |title=Department of External Affairs: Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America |date=September 1951 |publisher=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]] |access-date=11 January 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629153135/http://www.australianpolitics.com/foreign/anzus/anzus-treaty.shtml |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the [[New Zealand in the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Vietnam War |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/vietnam-war |work=New Zealand History |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=June 2008 |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=8 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108004233/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/vietnam-war |url-status=live }}</ref> the refusal of the United States to admonish France after the [[sinking of the Rainbow Warrior|sinking of the ''Rainbow Warrior'']],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinking the Rainbow Warrior – nuclear-free New Zealand |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/nuclear-free-new-zealand/rainbow-warrior |work=New Zealand History |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=August 2008 |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019073147/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/nuclear-free-new-zealand/rainbow-warrior |url-status=live }}</ref> disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues, and [[New Zealand nuclear-free zone|New Zealand's nuclear-free policy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuclear-free legislation – nuclear-free New Zealand |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/nuclear-free-new-zealand/nuclear-free-zone |work=New Zealand History |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=August 2008 |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103231157/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/nuclear-free-new-zealand/nuclear-free-zone |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=David |author-link=David Lange |title=Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=1990 |isbn=0-14-014519-2}}</ref> Despite the United States's suspension of ANZUS obligations, the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia in brief |url= http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/history.html |publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |access-date=11 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101222174922/http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/history.html |archive-date=22 December 2010}}</ref> Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with [[Closer Economic Relations|free trade agreements]] and [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement|travel arrangements]] that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.<ref name="NZ in brief">{{cite web |title=New Zealand country brief |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/new_zealand/nz_country_brief.html |publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052030/http://dfat.gov.au/geo/new_zealand/nz_country_brief.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is equivalent to 15% of the population of New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Collett |url=http://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-funds/kiwis-face-hurdles-in-pursuit-of-lost-funds-20130903-2t1jl.html#ixzz2glaaulCe |title=Kiwis face hurdles in pursuit of lost funds |date=4 September 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013 |archive-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906141233/http://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-funds/kiwis-face-hurdles-in-pursuit-of-lost-funds-20130903-2t1jl.html#ixzz2glaaulCe |url-status=live }}</ref>

New Zealand has a strong presence among the [[Pacific Island]] countries, and enjoys strong diplomatic relations with [[Samoa]], [[Fiji]], and [[Tonga]], and among smaller nations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mark |first=Simon |date=11 January 2021 |title=New Zealand's public diplomacy in the Pacific: a reset, or more of the same? |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-020-00196-x |journal=Place Branding and Public Diplomacy |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=105–112 |language=en |doi=10.1057/s41254-020-00196-x |issn=1751-8059 |pmc=7798375 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023732/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41254-020-00196-x |url-status=live }}</ref> A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries, and many Pacific people migrate to New Zealand for employment. The increase of this since the 1960s led to the formation of the [[Pasifika New Zealanders|Pasifika New Zealander]] pan-ethnic group, the fourth-largest ethnic grouping in the country.<ref>{{cite book |first=Geoff |last=Bertram |chapter=South Pacific economic relations – Aid, remittances and tourism |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=April 2010 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/south-pacific-economic-relations/4 |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120045222/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/south-pacific-economic-relations/4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=2018 Census population and dwelling counts |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-population-and-dwelling-counts |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=www.stats.govt.nz |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |at=§ Ethnicity}}</ref> Permanent migration is regulated under the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007, and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://devpolicy.org/making-migration-work-lessons-from-new-zealand/ |title=Making migration work: Lessons from New Zealand |first=Stephen |last=Howes |date=November 2010 |access-date=23 March 2011 |publisher=Development Policy Centre |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094422/http://devpolicy.org/making-migration-work-lessons-from-new-zealand/ |url-status=live }}</ref> New Zealand is involved in the [[Pacific Islands Forum]], the [[Pacific Community]], [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], and the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] Regional Forum (including the [[East Asia Summit]]).<ref name="NZ in brief" /> New Zealand has been described as a [[middle power]] in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Institute |first=Lowy |title=New Zealand – Lowy Institute Asia Power Index |url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/new-zealand/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=Lowy Institute Asia Power Index 2021 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401102321/https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/new-zealand/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and an [[emerging power]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/113097493/caught-between-china-and-the-us-the-kiwi-place-in-a-newly-confrontational-world|title=Caught between China and the US: The Kiwi place in a newly confrontational world|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff.co.nz]]|date=7 June 2019|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705073500/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/113097493/caught-between-china-and-the-us-the-kiwi-place-in-a-newly-confrontational-world|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-opinion/media/2018/new-zealands-pacific-reset-strategic-anxieties-about-rising-china |last=Steff |first=Reuben |title=New Zealand's Pacific reset: strategic anxieties about rising China |date=5 June 2018 |publisher=[[University of Waikato]] |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201134141/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-opinion/media/2018/new-zealands-pacific-reset-strategic-anxieties-about-rising-china |url-status=live }}</ref> The country is a member of the [[New Zealand and the United Nations|United Nations]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Member States of the United Nations |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#n |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#n |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand |date=15 August 2013 |url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/new-zealand |publisher=The Commonwealth |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201213512/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/new-zealand |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD),<ref>{{cite web |title=Members and partners |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |url=http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_36734052_36761800_1_1_1_1_1,00.html |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408175139/http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_36734052_36761800_1_1_1_1_1,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and participates in the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Future of the Five Power Defence Arrangements |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-future-of-the-five-power-defence-arrangements/ |work=The Strategist |publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute |access-date=1 December 2016 |date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202165604/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-future-of-the-five-power-defence-arrangements/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:ANZAC Day service at the National War Memorial - Flickr - NZ Defence Force (20).jpg|thumb|[[Anzac Day]] service at the National War Memorial|alt=A soldier in a green army uniform faces forwards]]New Zealand's military services—the Defence Force—comprise the [[New Zealand Army]], the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]], and the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/about-us/ |title=About Us: Role and Responsibilities |publisher=New Zealand Defence Force |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208065250/http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> New Zealand's [[national defence]] needs are modest since a direct attack is unlikely.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=New Zealand Defence and Security Policy, 1990–2005 |last=Ayson |first=Robert |title=New Zealand in World Affairs |volume=IV: 1990–2005 |editor-first=Roderic |editor-last=Alley |publisher=[[Victoria University Press]] |date=2007 |page=132 |isbn=978-0-86473-548-5 |location=Wellington}}</ref> However, its military has [[Military history of New Zealand|had a global presence]]. The country fought in both world wars, with notable campaigns in [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]], [[Battle of Crete|Crete]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Battle for Crete |date=May 2010 |work=New Zealand History |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-battle-for-crete |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-date=21 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421053546/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-battle-for-crete |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]],<ref>{{cite web |title=El Alamein – The North African Campaign |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-north-african-campaign/el-alamein |work=New Zealand History |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=May 2009 |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-date=4 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104033125/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-north-african-campaign/el-alamein |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Battle of Monte Cassino|Cassino]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_cassino_01.shtml |title=World War Two: The Battle of Monte Cassino |first=Richard |last=Holmes |author-link=Richard Holmes (military historian) |date=September 2010 |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-date=28 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128111552/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_cassino_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering New Zealand's [[national identity]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Gallipoli stirred new sense of national identity says Clark |date=April 2005 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10122323 |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429191517/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10122323 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Battlefield Tourism: History, Place and Interpretation |first=Bruce |last=Prideaux |editor-first=Chris |editor-last=Ryan |page=18 |date=2007 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] Science |isbn=978-0-08-045362-0}}</ref> and strengthened the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZAC]] tradition it shares with Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spirit of ANZAC |first=Arthur |last=Burke |url= http://www.anzacday.org.au/spirit/spirit2.html |publisher=ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee |access-date=11 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101226110037/http://www.anzacday.org.au/spirit/spirit2.html |archive-date=26 December 2010}}</ref>

In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the [[Second Boer War]],<ref>{{cite web |title=South African War 1899–1902 |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-south-african-boer-war/introduction |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=February 2009 |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103233154/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-south-african-boer-war/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[New Zealand in the Korean War|Korean War]],<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand in the Korean War |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/korean-war |work=New Zealand History |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509024958/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/korean-war |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Malayan Emergency]],<ref>{{cite web |title=NZ and the Malayan Emergency |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-malayan-emergency |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=August 2010 |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103225453/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-malayan-emergency |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Gulf War]], and the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan War]]. It has contributed forces to several regional and global peacekeeping missions, such as those in [[Cyprus dispute|Cyprus]], [[Somali Civil War|Somalia]], [[Bosnian War|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], the [[Suez Crisis|Sinai]], [[Angolan Civil War|Angola]], [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|Cambodia]], the [[Iran–Iraq War|Iran–Iraq]] border, [[Bougainville campaign|Bougainville]], [[Operation Astute|East Timor]], and the [[Solomon Islands#Civil war|Solomon Islands]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/operations/default.htm |title=New Zealand Defence Force Overseas Operations |publisher=[[New Zealand Defence Force]] |access-date=17 February 2008 |date=January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125104529/http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/operations/default.htm |archive-date=25 January 2008}}</ref>

Today, New Zealand enjoys [[New Zealand–United States relations|particularly close relations]] with the [[United States]] and is one of its [[Major non-NATO ally|major non-NATO allies]],<ref name=":0" /> as [[Australia–New Zealand relations|well as with Australia]], with a "[[Trans-Tasman]]" identity between citizens of the latter being common.<ref name="Lynch2009" /> New Zealand is a member of the [[Five Eyes]] intelligence sharing agreement, known formally as the [[UKUSA Agreement]]. The five members of this agreement compromise the [[Anglosphere|core Anglosphere]]: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-we-are/organizations/enterprise-capacity/chco/chco-related-menus/chco-related-links/recruitment-and-outreach/217-about/organization/icig-pages/2660-icig-fiorc|title=Five Eyes Intelligence Oversight and Review Council (FIORC)|website=www.dni.gov|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121051724/https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-we-are/organizations/enterprise-capacity/chco/chco-related-menus/chco-related-links/recruitment-and-outreach/217-about/organization/icig-pages/2660-icig-fiorc|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2012, New Zealand has had a partnership arrangement with [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] under the Partnership Interoperability Initiative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relations with New Zealand |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52347.htm |website=NATO |access-date=3 April 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403040803/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52347.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Partnership arrangement signed with NATO |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/partnership-arrangement-signed-nato |website=Beehive.co.nz |publisher=NZ Govt |access-date=3 April 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403032257/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/partnership-arrangement-signed-nato |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Scotcher |first1=Katie |title=New Zealand's relationship to Nato is getting stronger, expert says |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-zealands-relationship-to-nato-is-getting-stronger-expert-says/46LJXVTY4REX3OE6DGLADS54DA/ |access-date=3 April 2023 |work=New Zealand Herald |date=3 April 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403002140/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-zealands-relationship-to-nato-is-getting-stronger-expert-says/46LJXVTY4REX3OE6DGLADS54DA/ |url-status=live }}</ref>