New Orleans

===United States territorial era===
{{Main|Louisiana Purchase|Territory of Orleans|Dominican Creoles}}

The [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso]] in 1800 restored French control of New Orleans and Louisiana, but [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] sold both to the United States in the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/louisiana-lewis-clark/the-louisiana-purchase/ |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Monticello |language=en |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321075505/https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/louisiana-purchase |url-status=live }}</ref> Thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, [[French people|French]], [[Louisiana Creole people|Creoles]] and [[Demographics of Africa|Africans]]. Later immigrants were [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Germans]], [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Italians]]. Major [[commodity crops]] of [[sugar cane|sugar]] and [[cotton]] were cultivated with [[Slavery in the United States|slave]] labor on nearby large [[Plantations in the American South|plantations]].

Between 1791 and 1810, thousands of [[Saint Dominicans|St. Dominican]] [[refugee]]s from the [[Haitian Revolution]], both [[White people|whites]] and [[free people of color]] (''affranchis'' or ''gens de couleur libres''), arrived in New Orleans; a number brought their slaves with them, many of whom were native Africans or of full-blood descent.<ref name="Lachance1988">{{cite journal |title=The 1809 Immigration of Saint-Domingue Refugees to New Orleans: Reception, Integration and Impact |first=Paul F. |last=Lachance |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |volume=29 |number=2 |year=1988 |page=110 |jstor=4232650}}</ref> While Governor [[William C.C. Claiborne|Claiborne]] and other officials wanted to keep out additional [[Free negro|free black]] people, the French Creoles wanted to increase the French-speaking population. In addition to bolstering the territory's French-speaking population, these refugees had a significant impact on the culture of Louisiana, including developing its sugar industry and cultural institutions.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Road to Louisiana: The Saint-Domingue Refugees 1792–1809 |editor1-last=Brasseaux |editor1-first=Carl A. |editor1-link=Carl A. Brasseaux |editor2-last=Conrad |editor2-first=Glenn R. |publisher=University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press |year=2016 |location=Lafayette, Louisiana |isbn=9781935754602 |url=https://ulpress.org/products/the-road-to-louisiana-the-saint-domigue-refugees-1792-1809 |access-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813222610/https://ulpress.org/products/the-road-to-louisiana-the-saint-domigue-refugees-1792-1809 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As more refugees were allowed into the [[Territory of Orleans]], [[Saint Dominicans|St. Dominican]] refugees who had first gone to [[Cuba]] also arrived.<ref name="AAM"/> Many of the white [[Geographical distribution of French speakers|Francophones]] had been deported by officials in Cuba in 1809 as retaliation for [[Bonapartist]] schemes.{{sfn|Gitlin |2009|p= 54}} Nearly 90 percent of these immigrants settled in New Orleans. The 1809 migration brought 2,731 whites, 3,102 free people of color (of [[mixed-race]] European and African descent), and 3,226 slaves of primarily African descent, doubling the city's population. The city became 63 percent black, a greater proportion than [[Charleston, South Carolina]]'s 53 percent at that time.<ref name="AAM">[http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=5&topic=3 "Haitian Immigration: 18th & 19th Centuries"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141448/http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=5&topic=3 |date=June 12, 2018 }}, ''In Motion: African American Migration Experience'', New York Public Library, accessed May 7, 2008</ref>
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