Manchester

===Industrial Revolution===
Manchester was one of the centres of [[textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution]]. The great majority of [[Spinning (textiles)|cotton spinning]] took place in the towns of south Lancashire and north Cheshire, and Manchester was for a time the most productive centre of cotton processing.<ref name="GMArch">{{cite book|author=McNeil, Robina|author2=Michael Nevell|title=A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester|publisher=Association for Industrial Archaeology|year=2000|isbn=0-9528930-3-7}}</ref>

Manchester became known as the world's largest marketplace for cotton goods<ref name="Kidd"/><ref name="Hall">{{cite book | last = Hall | first = Peter | title = Cities in Civilisation | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | location = London | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-297-84219-6 | chapter = The first industrial city: Manchester 1760–1830 | url = https://archive.org/details/citiesinciviliza00hall }}</ref> and was dubbed "[[Cottonopolis]]" and "Warehouse City" during the [[Victorian era]].<ref name="GMArch"/> In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the term "manchester" is still used for household linen: sheets, pillow cases, towels, etc.<ref name="OED">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Manchester | encyclopaedia=Oxford English Dictionary | date=March 2016 | url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/manchester | access-date=17 December 2016 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220181739/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/manchester | archive-date=20 December 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The industrial revolution brought about huge change in Manchester and was key to the increase in Manchester's population.

Manchester began expanding "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century as people flocked to the city for work from Scotland, Wales, Ireland and other areas of England as part of a process of unplanned urbanisation brought on by the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.timelines.tv/index.php?t=0&e=12# | title = Timelines.tv Urban Slums | publisher = Timelines.tv | access-date = 2 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120218092606/http://www.timelines.tv/index.php?t=0&e=12 | archive-date = 18 February 2012 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2007/10/03/031007_migrant_history_manchester_feature.shtml|title=Manchester: migrant city|last=Schofield|first=Jonathan|work=BBC Manchester:New Kids From The Bloc|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071426/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2007/10/03/031007_migrant_history_manchester_feature.shtml|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|title=The Cotton Industry|last=Aspin|first=Chris|publisher=Shire Publications|location=Aylesbury|year=1981|isbn=0-85263-545-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/3 3]|url=https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/3}}</ref> It developed a wide range of industries, so that by 1835 "Manchester was without challenge the first and greatest industrial city in the world".<ref name=Hall/> Engineering firms initially made machines for the cotton trade, but diversified into general manufacture. Similarly, the chemical industry started by producing bleaches and dyes, but expanded into other areas. Commerce was supported by financial service industries such as banking and insurance.{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = horizontal
| width             = <!-- Image 1 -->
| image1            = View from Kersal Moor, Salford - 1820.jpg
| width1            = 220
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = ''View from Kersal Moor'' towards Manchester by [[Sebastian Pether]], {{Circa|1820}}, then still a rural landscape. Note the [[River Irwell]] in both paintings.
<!-- Image 2 -->| image2            = Wyld, William - Manchester from Kersal Moor, with rustic figures and goats - Google Art Project.jpg
| width2            = 232
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = ''Manchester from [[Kersal Moor]]'', by [[William Wyld]] in 1857, a view now dominated by chimney stacks as a consequence of the [[Industrial Revolution]]
}}

Trade, and feeding the growing population, required a large transport and distribution infrastructure: the canal system was extended, and Manchester became one end of the world's first intercity passenger railway—the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]]. Competition between the various forms of transport kept costs down.<ref name="Kidd"/> In 1878 the [[General Post Office|GPO]] (the forerunner of [[BT Group|British Telecom]]) provided its first telephones to a firm in Manchester.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/btshistory/1605to1880/1878.htm|title=Events in Telecommunications History|access-date=13 March 2015|publisher=BT Archives|year=1878|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173107/http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/btshistory/1605to1880/1878.htm|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Manchester Ship Canal]] was built between 1888 and 1894, in some sections by canalisation of the Rivers Irwell and Mersey, running {{convert|36|mi|km|0}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.peelports.com/ports/manchester-ship-canal |title=Manchester Ship Canal |publisher=Peel Ports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520060954/https://www.peelports.com/ports/manchester-ship-canal |archive-date=20 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> from [[Salford, Greater Manchester|Salford]] to Eastham Locks on the tidal Mersey. This enabled oceangoing ships to sail right into the Port of Manchester. On the canal's banks, just outside the borough, the world's first industrial estate was created at [[Trafford Park]].<ref name="Kidd"/><!--1993, p103 --> Large quantities of machinery, including cotton processing plant, were exported around the world.

A centre of capitalism, Manchester was once the scene of bread and labour riots, as well as calls for greater political recognition by the city's working and non-titled classes. One such gathering ended with the [[Peterloo massacre]] of 16 August 1819. The economic school of [[Manchester Liberalism|Manchester Capitalism]] developed there, and Manchester was the centre of the [[Anti-Corn Law League]] from 1838 onward.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spall |first1=Richard Francis |title=Free Trade, Foreign Relations, and the Anti-Corn-Law League |journal=The International History Review |date=1988 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=405–432 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1988.9640484 |jstor=40105891 |issn=0707-5332}}</ref>

Manchester has a notable place in the history of [[Marxism]] and left-wing politics; being the subject of [[Friedrich Engels]]' work ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]]''; Engels spent much of his life in and around Manchester,<ref name="Engles">{{cite web|website=marxists.org|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1893.htm|title=Marx-Engels Internet Archive – Biography of Engels|access-date=5 May 2009|publisher=Marx/Engels Biography Archive|year=1893|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430052112/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1893.htm|archive-date=30 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and when [[Karl Marx]] visited Manchester, they met at Chetham's Library. The economics books Marx was reading at the time can be seen in the library, as can the window seat where Marx and Engels would meet.<ref name="Nicholls2004P20"/> The first [[Trades Union Congress]] was held in Manchester (at the Mechanics' Institute, David Street), from 2 to 6 June 1868. Manchester was an important cradle of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and the [[Suffragette]] Movement.<ref>{{cite book|title=Manchester: A history|last=Kidd|first=Alan|year=2006|chapter=Chapter 9 England Arise! The Politics of Labour and Women's Suffrage|publisher=Carnegie Publishing|location=Lancaster|isbn=1-85936-128-5}}</ref>

At that time, it seemed a place in which anything could happen—new industrial processes, new ways of thinking (the [[Manchester capitalism|Manchester School]], promoting [[free trade]] and ''[[laissez-faire]]''), new classes or groups in society, new religious sects, and new forms of labour organisation. It attracted educated visitors from all parts of Britain and Europe. A saying capturing this sense of innovation survives today: "What Manchester does today, the rest of the world does tomorrow."<ref name="manchester innovation">{{cite book|editor=Speake, Jennifer |editor-link=Jennifer Speake |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00_0 |access-date=6 July 2007 |year=2003 |edition=4th |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-860524-2 |quote=What Manchester says today, the rest of England says tomorrow }}<br />•{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090628122546/http://www.conservatives.com/News/Speeches/2007/03/Osborne_Our_vision_to_make_Manchester_the_creative_capital_of_Europe.aspx |archive-date=28 June 2009 |url=http://www.conservatives.com/News/Speeches/2007/03/Osborne_Our_vision_to_make_Manchester_the_creative_capital_of_Europe.aspx |title = Osborne: Our vision to make Manchester the creative capital of Europe |access-date =4 May 2009 |last = Osborne |first = George |author-link = George Osborne |date = 7 March 2007 |work=Conservative Party Website |publisher=Conservative Party |quote = The saying goes that what Manchester does today the rest of the world does tomorrow.}}<br />•{{cite web|url=http://www.mmu.ac.uk/studyatmmu/manchesterlife/|title=Manchester Life|access-date=5 May 2009|publisher=[[Manchester Metropolitan University]]|year=2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080411200443/http://www.mmu.ac.uk/studyatmmu/manchesterlife/|archive-date=11 April 2008| quote= What Manchester does today, the world does tomorrow}}</ref> Manchester's golden age was perhaps the last quarter of the 19th century. Many of the great public buildings (including [[Manchester Town Hall]]) date from then. The city's cosmopolitan atmosphere contributed to a vibrant culture, which included the [[Hallé Orchestra]]. In 1889, when county councils were created in England, the municipal borough became a [[county borough]] with even greater autonomy.<ref name="GM Gazetteer">{{cite web |url=http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzm2n.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211203737/http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzm2n.htm |archive-date=11 February 2011 |title=Greater Manchester Gazetteer |publisher=Greater Manchester County Record Office |access-date=9 July 2007 |at=Places names – M to N}}</ref>

[[File:Oxford Road, Manchester 1910, Valette.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|An oil painting of [[Oxford Road, Manchester|Oxford Road]], Manchester, in 1910, by [[Pierre Adolphe Valette|Valette]]]]

Although the Industrial Revolution brought wealth to the city, it also brought poverty and squalor to a large part of the population. Historian [[Simon Schama]] noted that "Manchester was the very best and the very worst taken to terrifying extremes, a new kind of city in the world; the chimneys of industrial suburbs greeting you with columns of smoke". An American visitor taken to Manchester's blackspots saw "wretched, defrauded, oppressed, crushed human nature, lying and bleeding fragments".<ref>{{cite episode |title=Victoria and Her Sisters |series= A History of Britain |series-link= A History of Britain (TV series) |credits= [[Simon Schama]] (presenter) |network= [[BBC One]] |airdate= 4 June 2002 |number=13}}</ref>

The number of [[cotton mill]]s in Manchester itself reached a peak of 108 in 1853.<ref name="GMArch"/> Thereafter the number began to decline and Manchester was surpassed as the largest centre of cotton spinning by [[Bolton]] in the 1850s and [[Oldham]] in the 1860s.<ref name="GMArch"/> However, this period of decline coincided with the rise of the city as the financial centre of the region.<ref name="GMArch"/> Manchester continued to process cotton, and in 1913, 65% of the world's cotton was processed in the area.<ref name="Kidd"/> The First World War interrupted access to the export markets. Cotton processing in other parts of the world increased, often on machines produced in Manchester. Manchester suffered greatly from the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]] and the underlying structural changes that began to supplant the old industries, including textile manufacture.