Iowa Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Early colonization and trade, 1673β1808=== {{Main|New France|Louisiana (New France)|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|New Spain|Louisiana (New Spain)|Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)|Louisiana Purchase|District of Louisiana|Louisiana Territory}} [[File:Iowa 1718.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Iowa in 1718 with the modern state area highlighted]] The first known European explorers to document Iowa were [[Jacques Marquette]] and [[Louis Jolliet]] who traveled the [[Mississippi River]] in 1673 documenting several Indigenous villages on the Iowa side.<ref name="peterson2009">{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Cynthia L.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682β1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=12β29|chapter=Historical Tribes and Early Forts|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>History of Iowa, Iowa Official Register, [http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html Publications.iowa.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903191039/http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html |date=September 3, 2009 }}</ref> The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763. The French, before their impending defeat in the [[French and Indian War]], transferred ownership to their ally, Spain.<ref>Herbermann, Charles. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church''. Encyclopedia Press, 1913, p. 380 (Original from Harvard University).</ref> Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region, granting trading licenses to French and British traders, who established trading posts along the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and [[Des Moines River]]s.<ref name="peterson2009" /> Iowa was part of a territory known as [[Louisiana (New France)|''La Louisiane'']] or [[Louisiana]], and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indigenous people. The [[Sauk people|Sauk]] and [[Meskwaki]] effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Among the early traders on the Mississippi were [[Julien Dubuque]], [[RenΓ©-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|Robert de la Salle]], and [[Paul Marin de la Malgue|Paul Marin]].<ref name="peterson2009" /> Along the [[Missouri River]] at least five French and English trading houses were built before 1808.<ref name="carlson2009">{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Gayle F.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682β1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=104β120|chapter=Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, 1820β1827, and Other Missouri River Sites|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1800, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] took control of Louisiana from Spain in a [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso|treaty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html|title=Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800|website=Napoleon-series.org|access-date=April 14, 2020|archive-date=November 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232551/https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the 1803 [[Louisiana Purchase]], Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two partsβthe Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana, with present-day Iowa falling in the latter. The [[Indiana Territory]], created in 1800, exercised jurisdiction over this portion of the District; [[William Henry Harrison]] was its first governor. Much of Iowa was mapped by [[Zebulon Pike]] in 1805,<ref>Pike (1965): The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to headwaters of the [[Mississippi River]], through [[Louisiana Territory]], and in [[New Spain]], during the years June 7, 1805, Ross & Haines</ref> but it was not until the construction of [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region.<ref name="mckusick2009">{{cite book|last=McKusick|first=Marshall B.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682β1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=55β74|chapter=Fort Madison, 1808β1813|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=May 31, 2014|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page