Gothic language

===Vowels===
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Short vowels
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i (y)}}
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|
|
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|a}}
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Long vowels
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|iː}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA|eː}}
| {{IPA|oː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA|ɛː}}
| {{IPA|ɔː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|aː}}
|}
|}

* {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} can be either long or short.<ref>See also {{Cite book |author-link=Fausto Cercignani |first=Fausto |last=Cercignani |chapter=The Development of the Gothic Vocalic System |title=Germanic Dialects: Linguistic and Philological Investigations |editor1-first=Bela |editor1-last=Brogyanyi |editor2-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Krömmelbein |location=Amsterdam and Philadelphia |publisher=Benjamins |year=1986 |pages=121–151 |isbn=90-272-3526-0 }}</ref> Gothic writing distinguishes between long and short vowels only for {{IPA|/i/}} by writing ''i'' for the short form and ''ei'' for the long (a [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] or ''false diphthong''), in an imitation of Greek usage (ει = {{IPA|/iː/}}). Single vowels are sometimes long where a historically present [[nasal stop|nasal consonant]] has been dropped in front of an {{IPA|/h/}} (a case of [[compensatory lengthening]]). Thus, the preterite of the verb ''briggan'' {{IPA|[briŋɡan]}} "to bring" (English ''bring'', Dutch ''brengen'', German ''bringen'') becomes ''brahta'' {{IPA|[braːxta]}} (English ''brought'', Dutch ''bracht'',  German ''brachte''), from [[Proto-Germanic]] *''branhtē''. In detailed [[transliteration]], when the intent is more [[phonetic transcription]], length is noted by a macron (or failing that, often a [[circumflex]]): ''brāhta'', ''brâhta''. This is the only context in which {{IPA|/aː/}} appears natively whereas {{IPA|/uː/}}, like {{IPA|/iː/}}, is found often enough in other contexts: ''brūks'' "useful" (Dutch ''gebruik'', German ''Gebrauch'', Icelandic ''brúk'' "use").
* {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} are long [[close-mid vowel]]s. They are written as ''e'' and ''o'': ''neƕ'' {{IPA|[neːʍ]}} "near" (English ''nigh'', Dutch ''nader'', German ''nah''); ''fodjan'' {{IPA|[foːdjan]}} "to feed".
* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} are short [[open-mid vowel]]s.<ref>For the Gothic short vowels see also {{Cite journal |first=Fausto |last=Cercignani |title=The Development of the Gothic Short/Lax Subsystem |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |volume=93 |issue=2 |year=1979 |pages=272–278 }}</ref> They are noted using the digraphs ''ai'' and ''au'': ''taihun'' {{IPA|[tɛhun]}} "ten" (Dutch ''tien'', German ''zehn'', Icelandic ''tíu''), ''dauhtar'' {{IPA|[dɔxtar]}} "daughter" (Dutch ''dochter'', German ''Tochter'', Icelandic ''dóttir''). In transliterating Gothic, accents are placed on the second vowel of these digraphs ''aí'' and ''aú'' to distinguish them from the original diphthongs ''ái'' and ''áu'': ''taíhun'', ''daúhtar''. In most cases short {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}} are allophones of {{IPA|/i, u/}} before {{IPA|/r, h, ʍ/}}.<ref>But see  {{Cite journal |first=Fausto |last=Cercignani |title=The Enfants Terribles of Gothic "Breaking": hiri, aiþþau, etc. |journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=12 |issue=3–4 |year=1984 |pages=315–344 }}</ref> Furthermore, the reduplication syllable of the reduplicating preterites has ''ai'' as well, which was probably pronounced as a short {{IPA|[ɛ]}}.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |first=Fausto |last=Cercignani |title=The Reduplicating Syllable and Internal Open Juncture in Gothic |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |volume=93 |issue=1 |year=1979 |pages=126–132 }}</ref> Finally, short {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}} occur in loan words from Greek and Latin (''aípiskaúpus'' {{IPA|[ɛpiskɔpus]}} = {{lang|grc|ἐπίσκοπος}} "bishop", ''laíktjo'' {{IPA|[lɛktjoː]}} = ''lectio'' "lection", ''Paúntius'' {{IPA|[pɔntius]}} = ''Pontius'').
* The Germanic diphthongs {{IPA|/ai/}} and {{IPA|/au/}} appear as digraphs written {{angle bracket|ai}} and {{angle bracket|au}} in Gothic. Researchers have disagreed over whether they were still pronounced as diphthongs {{IPA|/ai̯/}} and {{IPA|/au̯/}} in Ulfilas's time (4th century) or had become long open-mid vowels: {{IPA|/ɛː/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}}: ''ains'' {{IPA|[ains] / [ɛːns]}} "one" (German ''eins'', Icelandic ''einn''), ''augo'' {{IPA|[auɣoː] / [ɔːɣoː]}} "eye" (German ''Auge'', Icelandic ''auga''). It is most likely that the latter view is correct, as it is indisputable that the digraphs {{angle bracket|ai}} and {{angle bracket|au}} represent the sounds {{IPA|/ɛː/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}} in some circumstances (see below), and {{angle bracket|aj}} and {{angle bracket|aw}} were available to unambiguously represent the sounds {{IPA|/ai̯/}} and {{IPA|/au̯/}}. The digraph {{angle bracket|aw}} is in fact used to represent {{IPA|/au/}} in foreign words (such as ''Pawlus'' "Paul"), and alternations between {{angle bracket|ai}}/{{angle bracket|aj}} and {{angle bracket|au}}/{{angle bracket|aw}} are scrupulously maintained in paradigms where both variants occur (e.g. ''taujan'' "to do" vs. past tense ''tawida'' "did"). Evidence from transcriptions of Gothic names into Latin suggests that the sound change had occurred very recently when Gothic spelling was standardized: Gothic names with Germanic ''au'' are rendered with ''au'' in Latin until the 4th century and ''o'' later on (''Austrogoti'' > ''Ostrogoti''). The digraphs {{angle bracket|ai}} and {{angle bracket|au}} are normally written with an accent on the first vowel (''ái, áu'') when they correspond to Proto-Germanic {{IPA|/ai̯/}} and {{IPA|/au̯/}}.
* Long {{IPA|[ɛː]}} and {{IPA|[ɔː]}} also occur as allophones of {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/uː, oː/}} respectively before a following vowel: ''waian'' {{IPA|[wɛːan]}} "to blow" (Dutch ''waaien'', German ''wehen''), ''bauan'' {{IPA|[bɔːan]}} "to build" (Dutch ''bouwen'', German ''bauen'', Icelandic ''búa'' "to live, reside"), also in Greek words ''Trauada'' "Troad" (Gk. {{lang|grc|Τρῳάς}}). In detailed transcription these are notated ''ai, au''.
* {{IPA|/y/}} (pronounced like German ''ü'' and French ''u'') is a Greek sound used only in borrowed words. It is transliterated as ''w'' (as it uses the same letter that otherwise denoted the consonant {{IPA|/w/}}): ''azwmus'' {{IPA|[azymus]}} "unleavened bread" ( < Gk. {{lang|grc|ἄζυμος}}). It represents an υ (y) or the diphthong οι (oi), both of which were pronounced {{IPA|[y]}} in the Greek of the time. Since the sound was foreign to Gothic, it was perhaps pronounced {{IPA|[i]}}.
* {{IPA|/iu/}} is usually reconstructed as a falling diphthong ({{IPA|[iu̯]}}: ''diups'' {{IPA|[diu̯ps]}} "deep" (Dutch ''diep'', German ''tief'', Icelandic ''djúpur''), though this has been disputed (see [[#Alphabet and transliteration|alphabet and transliteration]] section above).
* Greek diphthongs: In Ulfilas's era, all the diphthongs of Classical Greek had become simple vowels in speech (''[[monophthong]]ization''), except for αυ (au) and ευ (eu), which were probably pronounced {{IPA|[aβ]}} and {{IPA|[ɛβ]}} (they evolved into {{IPA|[av~af]}} and {{IPA|[ev~ef]}} in [[Modern Greek]].) Ulfilas notes them, in words borrowed from Greek, as ''aw'' and ''aiw'', probably pronounced {{IPA|[au̯, ɛu̯]}}: ''Pawlus'' {{IPA|[pau̯lus]}} "Paul" (Gk. {{lang|grc|Παῦλος}}), ''aíwaggelista'' {{IPA|[ɛwaŋɡeːlista]}} "evangelist" (Gk. {{lang|grc|εὐαγγελιστής}}, via the Latin ''evangelista'').
* All vowels (including diphthongs) can be followed by a {{IPA|[w]}}, which was likely pronounced as the second element of a diphthong with roughly the sound of {{IPA|[u̯]}}. It seems likely that this is more of an instance of phonetic juxtaposition than of true diphthongs (such as, for example, the sound {{IPA|/aj/}} in the French word ''paille'' ("straw"), which is not the diphthong {{IPA|/ai̯/}} but rather a vowel followed by an [[approximant]]): ''alew'' {{IPA|[aleːw]}} "olive oil" ( < Latin ''oleum''), ''snáiws'' {{IPA|[snɛːws]}} ("snow"), ''lasiws'' {{IPA|[lasiws]}} "tired" (English ''lazy'').
Description	What you type	What you get
Italic	''Italic text''	Italic text
Bold	'''Bold text'''	Bold text
Bold & italic	'''''Bold & italic text'''''	*Bold & italic text*
Description	What you type	What you get
Reference	Page text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>	Page text.^[1]
Named reference	Page text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>	Page text.^[2]
Additional use of the same reference	Page text.<ref name="test" />	Page text.^[2]
Display references	<references />	↑ Link text, additional text. ↑ Link text