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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text=== Bohemia === {{Main|Bohemia}} [[File:Locator Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire (1618).svg|thumb|left|The [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Crown of Bohemia]] within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (1600). The Czech lands were part of the Empire in 1002–1806, and Prague was the imperial seat in 1346–1437 and 1583–1611.]] The [[Duchy of Bohemia]] emerged in the late 9th century when it was unified by the [[Přemyslid dynasty]]. Bohemia was from 1002 until 1806 an [[Imperial Estate]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref name="PánekTůma2019">{{cite book|first1=Jaroslav|last1=Pánek|first2=Oldřich|last2=Tůma|title=A History of the Czech Lands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|year=2019|publisher=Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press|isbn=978-80-246-2227-9|page=76}}</ref> In 1212, [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Přemysl Ottokar I]] extracted the [[Golden Bull of Sicily]] from the emperor, confirming Ottokar and his descendants' royal status; the [[Duchy]] of Bohemia was raised to a [[Realm|Kingdom]].<ref name="PánekTůma2019b">{{cite book|first1=Jaroslav|last1=Pánek|first2=Oldřich|last2=Tůma|title=A History of the Czech Lands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|year=2019|publisher=Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press|isbn=978-80-246-2227-9|page=111}}</ref> [[Germans|German immigrants]] settled in the Bohemian periphery in the 13th century.<ref name="PánekTůma2019c">{{cite book|first1=Jaroslav|last1=Pánek|first2=Oldřich|last2=Tůma|title=A History of the Czech Lands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|year=2019|publisher=Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press|isbn=978-80-246-2227-9|page=237}}</ref> The [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] in the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|invasion of Europe]] carried their raids into [[Moravia]] but were defensively defeated at [[Olomouc]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grousset |first1=René |title=The Empire of the Steppes |date=1970 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/266 266] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou |url-access=registration |access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> After a series of dynastic wars, the [[House of Luxembourg]] gained the Bohemian throne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panovnici.cz/vaclav-II-kral|title=Václav II. český král|work=panovnici.cz|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907142314/http://www.panovnici.cz/vaclav-II-kral|archive-date=7 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Efforts for a [[Bohemian Reformation|reform of the church in Bohemia]] started already in the late 14th century. [[Jan Hus]]' followers seceded from some practices of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Church]] and in the [[Hussite Wars]] (1419–1434) defeated five crusades organized against them by [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]. During the next two centuries, 90% of the population in Bohemia and Moravia were considered [[Hussites]]. The pacifist thinker [[Petr Chelčický]] inspired the movement of the [[Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic)|Moravian Brethren]] (by the middle of the 15th century) that completely separated from the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luther2017.de/en/reformation/and-its-people/jan-hus/|title=Mentor and precursor of the Reformation|access-date=29 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404211907/http://www.luther2017.de/en/reformation/and-its-people/jan-hus/|archive-date=4 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Husité - Jenský kodex.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Painting of battle between mounted knights|Battle between [[Hussites]] and [[Crusades|crusaders]] during the [[Hussite Wars]]; Jena Codex, 15th century]] On 21 December 1421, [[Jan Žižka]], a successful military commander and mercenary, led his group of forces in the [[Battle of Kutná Hora]], resulting in a victory for the Hussites. He is honoured to this day as a [[Hero (title)|national hero]]. After 1526 Bohemia came increasingly under [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then in 1627 the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. Between 1583 and 1611 Prague was the official seat of the Holy Roman Emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]] and his court. The [[Defenestrations of Prague|Defenestration of Prague]] and subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the [[Thirty Years' War]]. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the [[Battle of White Mountain]] and the ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs' hereditary lands in Austria were strengthened. The leaders of the [[Bohemian Revolt]] were [[Old Town Square execution|executed in 1621]]. The nobility and the middle class Protestants had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protestantism in Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic)|url=http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/protestantism-in-the-republic-of-czechoslovakia/|website=Virtual Museum of Protestantism|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015211407/http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/protestantism-in-the-republic-of-czechoslovakia/|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The following era of 1620 to the late 18th century became known as the "Dark Age". During the Thirty Years' War, the population of the [[Czech lands]] declined by a third through the expulsion of Czech Protestants as well as due to the war, disease and [[Famines in the Czech lands|famine]].<ref>Oskar Krejčí, Martin C. Styan, Ústav politických vied SAV. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=38ciAe4J4VMC Geopolitics of the Central European region: the view from Prague and Bratislava]''. p.293. {{ISBN|80-224-0852-2}}</ref> The Habsburgs prohibited all Christian confessions other than [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archiv.radio.cz/history_96/history07.html |title=RP's History Online – Habsburgs |publisher=Archiv.radio.cz |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717233917/http://archiv.radio.cz/history_96/history07.html |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The flowering of [[Czech Baroque architecture|Baroque culture]] shows the ambiguity of this historical period. [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] and [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]] invaded Moravia in 1663.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=j08L5xLOQKwC&pg=PA557 History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Division 1]''". Henry Hoyle Howorth. p.557. {{ISBN|1-4021-7772-0}}</ref> In 1679–1680 the Czech lands faced the [[Great Plague of Vienna]] and an uprising of serfs.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA494 The new Cambridge modern history: The ascendancy of France, 1648–88]''". Francis Ludwig Carsten (1979). p.494. {{ISBN|0-521-04544-4}}</ref> [[File:Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The 1618 [[Defenestrations of Prague|Defenestration of Prague]] marked the beginning of the [[Bohemian Revolt]] against the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] and therefore the first phase of the [[Thirty Years' War]].]] There were peasant uprisings influenced by famine.<ref>"''The Cambridge economic history of Europe: The economic organization of early modern Europe''". E. E. Rich, C. H. Wilson, M. M. Postan (1977). p.614. {{ISBN|0-521-08710-4}}</ref> [[Serfdom]] was abolished between 1781 and 1848. Several battles of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] took place on the current territory of the Czech Republic. The end of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806 led to degradation of the political status of Bohemia which lost its position of an [[Prince-elector|electorate]] of the Holy Roman Empire as well as its own political representation in the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hlavačka|first1=Milan|title=Formování moderního českého národa 1815–1914|journal=Historický Obzor|date=2009|volume=20|issue=9/10|page=195|language=cs}}</ref> Bohemian lands became part of the [[Austrian Empire]]. During the 18th and 19th century the [[Czech National Revival]] began its rise, with the purpose to revive [[Czech language]], culture, and national identity. The [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire|Revolution of 1848]] in Prague, striving for liberal reforms and autonomy of the Bohemian Crown within the Austrian Empire, was suppressed.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|editor1-last=Cole|editor1-first=Laurence|editor2-last=Unowsky|editor2-first=David|title=The Limits of Loyalty: Imperial Symbolism, Popular Allegiances, and State Patriotism in the Late Habsburg Monarchy|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York, Oxford|url=http://www.brad.ac.uk/ssis/media/ssis/ceer/2013/Guyver_Cole-and-Unowsky.pdf|access-date=24 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525013421/http://www.brad.ac.uk/ssis/media/ssis/ceer/2013/Guyver_Cole-and-Unowsky.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> It seemed that some concessions would be made also to Bohemia, but in the end, the Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]] affected a compromise with Hungary only. The [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]] and the never realized coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Bohemia led to a disappointment of some Czech politicians.<ref name="auto" /> The Bohemian Crown lands became part of the so-called [[Cisleithania]]. The Czech Social Democratic and progressive politicians started the fight for universal suffrage. The first elections under [[Universal suffrage|universal male suffrage]] were held in 1907.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 February 2020|title=Františka Plamínková: the feminist suffragette who ensured Czechoslovakia's Constitution of 1920 lived up to the principle of equality|url=https://english.radio.cz/frantiska-plaminkova-feminist-suffragette-who-ensured-czechoslovakias-8106811|access-date=5 January 2021|website=Radio Prague International}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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