Codex Sinaiticus

=== Text-type and relationship to other manuscripts ===
For most of the New Testament, Codex Sinaiticus is in general agreement with ''[[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|Codex Vaticanus (B)]]'' and ''[[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C)]]'', attesting the [[Alexandrian text-type]].
A notable example of an agreement between the text in Sinaiticus and Vaticanus is they both omit the word εικη ('without cause', 'without reason', 'in vain') from {{bibleref|Matthew|5:22}}: "''But I say unto you, that whosoever is angry with his brother '''without a cause''' shall be in danger of the judgement''".<ref group="n">The same variant is present in the Greek manuscript {{Papyrus link|64}}, noted in the margin of [[Minuscule 1424]], present in manuscripts of the [[Latin]] [[Vulgate]], the Ethiopic version, and attested by the early church fathers [[Origen]] and Jerome - NA27 p. 10.</ref>

In [[Gospel of John|John]] 1:1–8:38, Codex Sinaiticus differs from [[Codex Vaticanus|Vaticanus (B)]] and all other Alexandrian manuscripts. It is in closer agreement with ''[[Codex Bezae|Codex Bezae (D)]]'' in support of the [[Western text-type]]. For example, in {{bibleref|John|1:4}} Sinaiticus and Codex Bezae are the only Greek manuscripts with textual variant {{lang|el|ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἐστίν}} (''in him is life'') instead of {{lang|el|ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ᾓν}} (''in him was life''). This variant is supported by [[Vetus Latina]] and some [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|Sahidic]] manuscripts. This portion has a large number of corrections.<ref>{{Cite book | contributor-first1=Gordon D. | contributor-last=Fee | contributor-link=Gordon Fee | first1=Eldon J. | last1=Epp | first2=Gordon D. | last2=Fee | contribution=Codex Sinaiticus in the Gospel of John | title=Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism | pages=22–44 | year=1993 | publisher=Eerdmans | location=Michigan | isbn=9780802824301}}</ref>
There are a number of differences between Sinaiticus and Vaticanus; Textual critic [[Herman C. Hoskier]] enumerated 3036 differences :
::::Matt: 656
::::Mark: 567
::::Luke: 791
::::John: 1022
::::Total — 3036.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Herman C. | last=Hoskier | title=Codex B and Its Allies, a Study and an Indictment - Part II | page=1 | year=1914 | publisher=Bernard Quaritch | location=London | isbn=978-1375984683 | url=https://archive.org/details/codexbanditsalli02hoskuoft/page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref>

According to textual critic [[Fenton Hort]], ''Sinaiticus'' and ''Vaticanus'' were derived from a much older common source, "the date of which cannot be later than the early part of the second century, and may well be yet earlier".<ref>{{Cite book | first1= Brooke Foss | last1=Westcott | first2=Fenton John Anthony | last2=Hort | title=The New Testament in the Original Greek, Introduction and Appendix | page=223 | year=1881 | publisher=Macmillan and Co. | location=Cambridge | url=https://archive.org/details/newtestamentinor82west/page/222/mode/2up }}</ref>

Example of differences between Sinaiticus and Vaticanus in Matt 1:18–19 (one transposition difference; two spelling differences; one word substitution difference):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Codex Sinaiticus
! Codex Vaticanus
|-
| {{lang|grc|Του δε '''{{overline|ΙΥ}} {{overline|ΧΥ}}''' η γενεσις ουτως ην <br /> μνηστευθισης της μητρος αυτου <br /> Μαριας τω Ιωσηφ πριν ην συνελθιν αυτους <br /> ευρεθη εν γαστρι εχουσα εκ {{overline|ΠΝΣ}} αγιου <br /> Ιωσηφ δε ο ανηρ αυτης δικαιος ων <br /> και μη θελων αυτην '''παρα'''διγματισαι <br /> εβουληθη λαθρα απολυσαι αυτην}}
| {{lang|grc|Του δε '''{{overline|ΧΥ}} {{overline|ΙΥ}}''' η γενεσις ουτως ην <br /> μνηστευθ'''ε'''ισης της μητρος αυτου <br /> Μαριας τω Ιωσηφ πριν ην συνελθ'''ε'''ιν αυτους <br /> ευρεθη εν γαστρι εχουσα εκ {{overline|ΠΝΣ}} αγιου <br /> Ιωσηφ δε ο ανηρ αυτης δικαιος ων <br /> και μη θελων αυτην δ'''ε'''ιγματισαι <br /> εβουληθη λαθρα απολυσαι αυτην}}
|-
! English Translation
! English Translation
|-
|Now the birth of '''Jesus Christ''' was as follows: <br />was betrothed His mother <br />Mary to Joseph. Before they had sexual intercourse, <br />she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. <br />As Joseph her husband was righteous <br />and did not want '''to publicly shame''' her, <br />he planned to divorce her quietly.
|Now the birth of '''Christ Jesus''' was as follows: <br />'''was betrothed''' His mother <br />Mary to Joseph. Before they had sexual intercourse, <br />she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. <br />As Joseph her husband was righteous <br />and did not want '''to make a show''' of her, <br />he planned to divorce her quietly.
|}

Biblical scholar [[Burnett Hillman Streeter|B. H. Streeter]] remarked there was a great agreement between the codex and the [[Vulgate]] of [[Jerome]]. According to him, [[Origen]] brought the [[Alexandrian text-type]] that was used in this codex to [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]], and it was subsequently employed by Jerome for his Latin revision.<ref name="Streeter">{{Cite book | first=Burnett Hillman | last=Streeter | author-link=Burnett Hillman Streeter | title=The Four Gospels: a Study of Origins treating of the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, & Dates | pages=590–597 | year=1924 | publisher=Macmillan and Co. | location=London| url=https://archive.org/details/fourgospelsstudy0000stre }}</ref>

Between the 4th and 12th centuries, seven or more correctors worked on this codex, making it one of the most corrected manuscripts in existence.<ref name="scribes-corr">{{Cite book | first1=H. J. M. | last1=Milne | first2=Theodore Cressy | last2=Skeat | author-link2=T. C. Skeat | title=Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus | year=1938 | publisher=Trustees of the British Museum | location=London | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4dbAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> During his investigation in Petersburg, Tischendorf enumerated 14,800 corrections in the portion which was only held in Petersburg (2/3 of the codex).<ref name="Metzger-Palaeo">{{Cite book | first=Bruce Manning | last=Metzger | author-link=Bruce Metzger | title=Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Greek Palaeography | page=77 | year=1991 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-502924-6}}</ref> According to textual critic [[David C. Parker]], the full codex has about 23,000 corrections.{{r|Parker|p=3}} In addition to these corrections some letters were marked by dots as doubtful (e.g. ṪḢ).