Cerebral palsy

===Language===
Speech and language disorders are common in people with cerebral palsy. The incidence of [[dysarthria]] is estimated to range from 31% to 88%,<ref name="hirsch_2013" /> and around a quarter of people with CP are non-verbal.<ref name="Myrdenetal2014" /> Speech problems are associated with poor [[respiratory]] control, [[larynx|laryngeal]] and [[velopharyngeal insufficiency|velopharyngeal]] dysfunction, and oral [[manner of articulation|articulation]] disorders that are due to restricted movement in the oral-facial muscles. There are three major types of dysarthria in cerebral palsy: spastic, dyskinetic (athetotic), and ataxic.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Love RJ, Webb WG |title=Neurology for the Speech-Language Pathologist|date=2013|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|isbn=978-1-4831-4199-2|page=250|edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ3pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250}}</ref>

Early use of [[augmentative and alternative communication]] systems may assist the child in developing spoken language skills.<ref name="Myrdenetal2014" /> Overall [[language delay]] is associated with problems of cognition, [[hearing loss|deafness]], and [[learned helplessness]].<ref name="CPBeuk" /> Children with cerebral palsy are at risk of learned helplessness and becoming passive communicators, initiating little communication.<ref name="CPBeuk" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pennington |first=Lindsay |date=2008-09-01 |title=Cerebral palsy and communication |url=https://www.paediatricsandchildhealthjournal.co.uk/article/S1751-7222(08)00130-3/abstract |journal=Paediatrics and Child Health |language=English |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=405–409 |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2008.05.013 |issn=1751-7222}}</ref> Early intervention with this clientele, and their parents, often targets situations in which children communicate with others so that they learn that they can control people and objects in their environment through this communication, including making choices, decisions, and mistakes.<ref name="CPBeuk" />