Antisemitism in the United States

===Statistics of American viewpoints and analysis===
{{Further|Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century}}
Polls and studies point to a steady decrease in antisemitic attitudes, beliefs, and manifestations among the American public.<ref name=November/><ref name="Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism">{{cite web|title=The Resuscitation of Anti-Semitism: An American Perspective - An Interview with Abraham Foxman|url=http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-13.htm|work=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]]|access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> A 1992 survey by the [[Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith|Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) showed that about 20% of Americans—between 30 and 40 million adults—held antisemitic views, a considerable decline from the total of 29% found in 1964. However, another survey by the same organization concerning antisemitic incidents showed that the curve has risen without interruption since 1986.<ref name="Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism"/>

====2005 survey====
The number of Americans holding antisemitic views declined markedly six years later when another ADL study classified only 12 percent of the population—between 20 and 25 million adults, as "most antisemitic." Confirming the findings of previous surveys, both studies also found that African Americans were significantly more likely than whites to hold antisemitic views, with 34 percent of blacks classified as "most antisemitic," compared to 9 percent of whites in 1998.<ref name="Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism"/>
The 2005 Survey of American Attitudes Towards Jews in America, a national poll of 1,600 American adults conducted in March 2005, found that 14% of Americans—or nearly 35 million adults—hold views about Jews that are "unquestionably antisemitic," compared to 17% in 2002, In 1998, the number of Americans with hardcore antisemitic beliefs had dropped to 12% from 20% in 1992.

The 2005 survey found "35 percent of foreign-born [[Hispanics]] (down from 44% [in 2002])" and 36 percent of [[African-American]]s hold strong antisemitic beliefs, four times more than the 9 percent for whites."<ref name="2005-ADL-survey">{{cite web|title=ADL Survey: Antisemitism In America Remains Constant; 14 Percent Of Americans Hold 'Strong' Antisemitic Beliefs|url=http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/4680_12.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207193710/https://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/4680_12.htm|archive-date=7 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2005 Anti-Defamation League survey includes data on [[Hispanic]] attitudes, with 29% being most antisemitic (as opposed as 9% for whites and 36% for blacks), being born in the United States lessened the prevalence of that attitude: 35% of foreign-born Hispanics and only 19% of those born in the US.<ref name="2005-ADL-survey" />

The survey findings come at a time of increased antisemitic activity in America. The 2004 ADL Audit of Antisemitic Incidents reported that antisemitic incidents reached their highest level in nine years. A total of 1,821 antisemitic incidents were reported in 2004, an increase of 17% over the 1,557 incidents reported during 2003.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/4671_12.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 14, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214141101/https://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/4671_12.htm|date=April 4, 2005|title=ADL Audit: Antisemitic Incidents At Highest Level in Nine Years}}</ref> "What concerns us is that many of the gains we had seen in building a more tolerant and accepting America seem not to have taken hold as firmly as we had hoped," said Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director. "While there are many factors at play, the findings suggest that antisemitic beliefs endure and resonate with a substantial segment of the population, nearly 35 million people."

====After 2005====
In 2007 an [[ABC News]] report recounted that past ABC polls across several years have tended to find that about 6% of Americans self-report prejudice against Jews as compared to about 25% being against [[Arab Americans]] and about 10% against [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic Americans]]. The report also remarked that a full 34% of Americans reported having "some racist feelings" in general as a self-description.<ref name=abc>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/images/US/1048a1Hispanics.pdf|title=Aquí Se Habla Español – and Two-Thirds Don't Mind|work=[[ABC News]]|date=Oct 8, 2007|access-date=Dec 20, 2013}}</ref>

A 2009 study which was titled "Modern Anti-Semitism and Anti-Israeli Attitudes", published in the ''[[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]]'' in 2009, tested a new theoretical model of antisemitism among Americans in the Greater New York area with three experiments. The research team's theoretical model proposed that [[mortality salience]] (reminding people that they will someday die) increases antisemitism and that antisemitism is often expressed as anti-Israel attitudes. The first experiment showed that mortality salience led to higher levels of antisemitism and lower levels of support for Israel. The study's methodology was designed to tease out antisemitic attitudes that are concealed by polite people. The second experiment showed that mortality salience caused people to perceive Israel as very important, but did not cause them to perceive any other country this way. The third experiment showed that mortality salience led to a desire to punish Israel for human rights violations but not to a desire to punish Russia or India for identical human rights violations. According to the researchers, their results "suggest that Jews constitute a unique cultural threat to many people's worldviews, that antisemitism causes hostility to Israel, and that hostility to Israel may feed back to increase antisemitism." Furthermore, "those claiming that there is no connection between antisemitism and hostility toward Israel are wrong."<ref>Modern Anti-Semitism and Anti-Israeli Attitudes, Florette Cohen, Department of Psychology, The College of Staten Island, City University New York; [[Lee Jussim]], Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick; Kent D. Harber, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark; Gautam Bhasin, Department of Counseling, Columbia Teacher's College, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2009, Vol. 97, No. 2, 290–306 [http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/97/2/290.html psycnet.apa.org]</ref>

The 2011 ''Survey of American Attitudes Toward Jews in America'' released by the ADL found that the recent [[Late-2000s recession|world economic recession]] increased some antisemitic viewpoints among Americans. [[Abraham H. Foxman]], the organization's national director, argued, "It is disturbing that with all of the strides we have made in becoming a more tolerant society, antisemitic beliefs continue to hold a vice-grip on a small but not insubstantial segment of the American public." Specifically, the polling found that 19% of Americans answered "probably true" to the assertion that "Jews have too much control/influence on Wall Street" while 15% concurred with the related statement that Jews seem "more willing to use shady practices" in business. Nonetheless, the survey generally reported positive attitudes for most Americans, the majority of those who were surveyed expressed [[philo-Semitic]] sentiments such as 64% agreeing that Jews have contributed much to U.S. social culture.<ref name="adl-poll"/>

President [[Donald Trump]] declared himself to be a supporter of Israel and American Jews. Trump signed the [[Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism]].<ref>David N. Myers, "The Perils of Naming: On Donald Trump, Jews, and Antisemites," ''Journal of Holocaust Research'' (2021) 35:2, 154-162, DOI:10.1080/25785648.2021.1899511</ref> However, a 2019 survey by the Jewish Electorate Institute found that 73% of American Jews feel less secure since the [[election of Donald Trump]] to the presidency.  Since 2016, antisemitic attacks against synagogues have contributed to this fear. The 2019 survey found that combatting antisemitism is a priority issue in domestic politics among American Jews, including [[millennials]].<ref>[https://www.jewishelectorateinstitute.org/poll-domestic-issues-dominate-the-priorities-of-the-jewish-electorate/ "Poll: Domestic Issues Dominate The Priorities Of The Jewish Electorate."] ''Jewish Electorate Institute''. 22 May 2019. 22 May 2019.</ref>