14th Dalai Lama

=== Exile to India ===
[[File:IMG 1206 Lhasa Potala.jpg|thumb|The abandoned former quarters of the Dalai Lama at the [[Potala Palace|Potala]]. The empty vestment placed on the throne symbolises his absence]]
[[File:The 14th Dalai Lama with Lillard Hill in 1959.jpg|thumb|The 14th Dalai Lama interviewed by [[Voice of America]] journalist [[Lillard Hill]] in 1959.]]
[[File:The Dalai Lama opens art exhibit in Tokyo, 1967.jpg|thumb|In 1967, Dalai Lama was out of India for the first time since he resided there from 1959. The [[Eisaku Satō|Japanese government]] granted him visa on the condition he would not attack PRC while in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama opens exhibit of Tibetan art at Ueno|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/dalai-lama-opens-exhibit-of-tibetan-art-at-ueno-1.18977|work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]|date=28 September 1967|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511134035/https://www.stripes.com/news/dalai-lama-opens-exhibit-of-tibetan-art-at-ueno-1.18977|url-status=live}}</ref>
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At the outset of the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue [[Dalai Lama's escape from China|fled Tibet]] with the help of the [[CIA]]'s [[Special Activities Division]],<ref>The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Kenneth Conboy, James Morrison, The University Press of Kansas, 2002.</ref> crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] on 18 April.<ref>Richardson (1984), p. 210.</ref> Some time later he set up the [[Government of Tibet in Exile]] in [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], India,<ref>"Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India." Peter Jackson. ''Reuters''. 27 February 2009.[https://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSTRE51Q4OB20090227 Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India| Reuters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720072727/http://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSTRE51Q4OB20090227 |date=20 July 2009 }}</ref> which is often referred to as "''[[McLeod Ganj|Little Lhasa]]''". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements.<ref name="bbcprofile" />

He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the [[Tibetic languages|language]], [[History of Tibet|history]], [[Tibetan Buddhism|religion]], and [[Tibet#Culture|culture]]. The [[Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts]] was established<ref name="bbcprofile" /> in 1959 and the [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]]<ref name="bbcprofile" /> became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.

The Dalai Lama appealed to the [[United Nations]] on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] in 1959, 1961, and 1965,<ref name="bbcprofile" /> all before the People's Republic [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|was allowed representation at the United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ |title=Events of 1971 |work=Year in Review |year=1971 |publisher=United Press International |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503142809/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ |archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]].<ref name="bbcprofile" /> In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], creating an elected [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration|parliament]] and an [[Central Tibetan Administration|administration]] to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]] in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for [[Tibetology]] in the world.<ref name="LTWA">{{cite web |url = http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html |title = Library of Tibetan Works and Archives|year=1997 |publisher = [[Government of Tibet in Exile]] |access-date = 23 September 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080421150024/http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html |archive-date=21 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian citizen twice in its history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bharat-Ratna-demanded-for-Dalai-Lama/articleshow/55877372.cms|title=Bharat Ratna demanded for Dalai Lama|work=The Times of India|date=8 December 2016 |access-date=4 January 2017|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109083901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharat-ratna-demanded-for-dalai-lama/articleshow/55877372.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, it was revealed that the Dalai Lama's inner circle were listed in the [[Pegasus Project revelations in India|Pegasus project data]] as having been targeted with [[spyware]] on their phones. Analysis strongly indicates potential targets were selected by the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/22/dalai-lama-inner-circle-listed-pegasus-project-data|title=Dalai Lama's inner circle listed in Pegasus project data|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=22 July 2021|access-date=3 September 2021|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904190127/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/22/dalai-lama-inner-circle-listed-pegasus-project-data|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/dalai-lamas-inner-circle-listed-in-pegasus-project-data/|title=Dalai Lama's inner circle listed in Pegasus project data|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125174233/https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/dalai-lamas-inner-circle-listed-in-pegasus-project-data/|url-status=live}}</ref>