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Do not fill this in! ==Culture== ===Australia=== {{Main|Culture of Australia|Cuisine of Australia}} [[File:Sydney Opera House, botanic gardens 1.jpg|thumb|right|On 28 June 2007, the Sydney Opera House became a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="operawin" />]] Since 1788, the primary influence behind Australian culture has been [[Anglo-Celtic]] [[Western culture]], with some [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] influences.<ref name="jupp769" /><ref name="twhite118" /> The divergence and evolution that has occurred in the ensuing centuries has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture.<ref name="Davison pp98–9" /><ref name="twhite125" /> Since the mid-20th century, [[Culture of the United States|American popular culture]] has strongly influenced Australia, particularly through television and cinema.<ref name="tw" /> Other cultural influences come from neighbouring Asian countries, and through large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking nations.<ref name=tw/><ref name="jupp74" /> ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' (1906), the world's first [[feature length]] film, spurred a boom in [[cinema of Australia|Australian cinema]] during the [[silent film]] era.<ref name="kellyg07" /><ref name="wavefilm" /> The [[Australian Museum]] in Sydney and the [[National Gallery of Victoria]] in Melbourne are the oldest and [[List of largest art museums|largest]] [[museum]]s in Oceania.<ref name="ausmuseum" /><ref name="VHR" /> The city's [[Sydney New Year's Eve|New Year's Eve]] celebrations are the largest in Oceania.<ref name="auseve2013" /> Australia is also known for its [[Coffeehouse|cafe]] and [[coffee culture]] in [[Urban area|urban centres]].<ref name="abcnet160511" /> Australia and [[New Zealand]] were responsible for the [[flat white]] coffee. Most Indigenous Australian tribal groups subsisted on a simple [[hunter-gatherer diet]] of native fauna and flora, otherwise called [[bush tucker]].<ref name="bushtpb" /> The first settlers introduced [[British cuisine|British food]] to the continent, much of which is now considered typical Australian food, such as the [[Sunday roast]].<ref name="food" /><ref name="f2" /> Multicultural immigration transformed Australian cuisine; post-World War II European migrants, particularly from the Mediterranean, helped to build a thriving Australian [[coffee culture]], and the influence of [[Culture of Asia|Asian cultures]] has led to Australian variants of their staple foods, such as the [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]]-inspired [[dim sim]] and [[Chiko Roll]].<ref name="kangcww1999" /> [[File:Iolani Palace (1328).JPG|thumb|The [[ʻIolani Palace]] in [[Honolulu]], formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch, was restored and opened to the public as a museum in 1978.]] ===Hawaii=== {{Main|Culture of Hawaii|Cuisine of Hawaii|Hawaiian religion}} The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]]. Hawaii's musical contributions to the [[music of the United States]] are out of proportion to the state's small size. Styles such as [[slack-key guitar]] are well known worldwide, while Hawaiian-tinged music is a frequent part of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] soundtracks. Hawaii also made a major contribution to [[country music]] with the introduction of the [[steel guitar]].<ref name="Unterberger" /> The Hawaiian religion is [[Polytheism|polytheistic]] and [[Animism|animistic]], with a belief in many deities and spirits, including the belief that spirits are found in non-human beings and objects such as animals, the waves, and the sky.<ref name="Chai" /> The [[cuisine of Hawaii]] is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands, including the earliest Polynesians and [[Native Hawaiian cuisine|native Hawaiians]], and [[Cuisine of the United States|American]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], [[Polynesian cuisine|Polynesian]], and [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]] origins. Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist [[Israel Kamakawiwoʻole]], famous for his medley of "[[Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World]]", was named "The Voice of Hawaii" by [[NPR]] in 2010 in its 50 great voices series.<ref name="npr101206" /> ===New Zealand=== {{Main|Culture of New Zealand|Cuisine of New Zealand}} [[File:Hobbit holes reflected in water.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Hills with inset, round doors. Reflected in water.|The [[Hobbiton Movie Set]], located near [[Matamata]], was used for ''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy.<ref name="hobbitset" />]] New Zealand as a culture is a Western culture, which is influenced by the cultural input of the indigenous [[Māori people|Māori]] and the various waves of multi-ethnic migration which followed the [[History of New Zealand|British colonisation of New Zealand]]. The Māori people constitute one of the major cultures of Polynesia. The country has been broadened by globalisation and immigration specifically from Oceania, Europe, and Asia.<ref name="natdays" /> New Zealand marks two national days of remembrance, [[Waitangi Day]] and [[ANZAC Day]], and also celebrates many holidays such as the King's Birthday, Labour Day, and Christmas Day, as well as public anniversaries of the founding dates of most regions.<ref name="govnathol" /> The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States.<ref name="music" /> Some artists release Māori language songs and the Māori tradition-based art of ''[[kapa haka]]'' (song and dance) has made a resurgence.<ref name="create062010" /> The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,<ref name="nyt101028" /> have encouraged some [[Film producer|producers]] to film big budget movies in New Zealand, including ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]]'', ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)|The Chronicles of Narnia]]'', ''[[King Kong (2005 film)|King Kong]]'' and ''[[The Last Samurai]]''.<ref name="filmnz" /> The national cuisine has been described as [[Pacific Rim]], incorporating the native [[Māori cuisine]] and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe, Polynesia and Asia.<ref name="cuisine" /> New Zealand yields produce from land and sea – most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers.<ref name="kaipakeha" /> Distinctive ingredients or dishes include [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]]; salmon; [[Paranephrops|koura]] (crayfish);<ref name="encyclnzshell" /> [[whitebait]]; shellfish including [[dredge oyster]]s, [[pāua]], mussels, scallops, [[Paphies australis|pipi]] and [[tuatua]];<ref name="ecyclnzshell222" /> [[Sweet potato|kumara]] (sweet potato); [[kiwifruit]]; [[tamarillo]]; and [[Pavlova (food)|pavlova]] (considered a national dish).<ref name="encyclnzcook" /><ref name="cuisine" /><!--Second source references ingredients--> ===Samoa=== [[File:Fale on Manono Island.jpg|thumb|A [[Architecture of Samoa|fale]] on [[Manono Island]]]] {{Main|Culture of Samoa|Polynesian culture}} The [[fa'a Samoa]], or traditional Samoan way, remains a strong force in Samoan life and politics. Despite centuries of European influence, Samoa maintains its historical customs, social and political systems, and [[Samoan language|language]]. Cultural customs such as the [[Samoa 'ava ceremony]] are significant and solemn rituals at important occasions including the bestowal of ''[[fa'amatai|matai]]'' chiefly titles. Items of great cultural value include the finely woven ''[['ie toga]]''. The Samoan word for dance is ''[[siva Samoa|siva]]'', which consists of unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tell a story. Samoan male dances can be more snappy.<ref name="dancesiva" /> The ''[[sasa (dance)|sasa]]'' is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid [[synchronization|synchronised]] movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums ''([[pate (musical instrument)|pate]])'' or rolled mats. Another dance performed by males is called the ''[[fa'ataupati]]'' or the slap dance, creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body. As with other Polynesian cultures ([[Hawaiian culture|Hawaiian]], [[Tahitians|Tahitian]] and [[Māori culture|Māori]]) with significant and unique tattoos, Samoans have two gender specific and culturally significant tattoos.<ref name="wwpride" /> ===Arts=== {{Main|Oceanian art|Samoan art|Hawaiian art|Māori art|Indigenous Australian art}} [[File:Bradshaw rock paintings.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[Gwion Gwion rock paintings]] found in the north-west [[Kimberley region of Western Australia]]]] The artistic creations of native Oceanians varies greatly throughout the cultures and regions. The subject matter typically carries themes of fertility or the supernatural. [[Petroglyphs]], [[tattooing]], painting, wood carving, stone carving, and textile work are other common art forms.<ref name="artino" /> Art of Oceania properly encompasses the artistic traditions of the people indigenous to Australia and the Pacific Islands.<ref name="oce" /> These early peoples lacked a [[writing system]], and made works on perishable materials, so few records of them exist from this time.<ref name="mettime" /> Indigenous Australian [[rock art]] is the oldest and richest unbroken tradition of art in the world, dating as far back as 60,000 years and spread across hundreds of thousands of sites.<ref name="rockart531" /><ref name="nyt051106" /> These rock paintings served several functions. Some were used in magic, others to increase animal populations for hunting, while some were simply for amusement.<ref name="mettime4" /> Sculpture in Oceania first appears on New Guinea as a series of stone figures found throughout the island, but mostly in mountainous highlands. Establishing a chronological timeframe for these pieces in most cases is difficult, but one has been dated to {{circa}} 1500 BCE.<ref name="mettime444" /> By 1500 BCE the [[Lapita culture]], descendants of the second wave, would begin to expand and spread into the more remote islands. At around the same time, art began to appear in New Guinea, including the earliest examples of sculpture in Oceania. Beginning {{circa}} 1100 CE, the people of Easter Island would begin construction of nearly 900 [[moai]] (large stone statues). At {{circa}} 1200 CE, the people of Pohnpei, a Micronesian island, would embark on another megalithic construction, building [[Nan Madol]], a city of artificial islands and a system of canals.<ref name="mettime 453" /> Hawaiian art includes [[wood carving]]s, feather work, petroglyphs, bark cloth (called [[kapa]] in Hawaiian and [[Tapa cloth|tapa]] elsewhere in the Pacific), and tattoos. Native Hawaiians had neither metal nor woven cloth.<ref name="mettime3456" /> ===Sport=== {{See also|Sport in Oceania}} [[File:Fiji vs Wales CG Melbourne 2006.jpg|thumb|Fiji playing [[Wales national rugby sevens team|Wales]] at [[Rugby sevens|seven-a-side rugby]]|left]] [[Rugby union]] is one of the region's most prominent sports,<ref name="ocerugb" /> and is the national sport of New Zealand, Samoa, Fiji and Tonga. The most popular overall sport in Australia is [[cricket]], with their [[Australia national cricket team|national team]] having won the [[Cricket World Cup]] a record five times.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2021 |title=ICC Cricket World Cup facts with list of winners and host countries |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/icc-cricket-world-cup-facts-with-list-of-winners-and-host-countries-1869701-2021-10-26 |publisher=Indiatoday.in |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726040915/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/icc-cricket-world-cup-facts-with-list-of-winners-and-host-countries-1869701-2021-10-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> The most popular sport among Australian women is [[netball]], while [[Australian rules football]] garners the highest spectatorship numbers and television ratings.<ref name="ausrulebrit" /><ref name="aust54" /><ref name="planetsp85" /><ref name="aust101" /> Rugby union is the most popular sport among New Zealanders,<ref name="newzea76" /> and they are tied with [[South Africa]] for the most [[Rugby World Cup]] titles, having won the tournament three times.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2019 |title=Rugby World Cup final: South Africa break records and beat All Blacks to milestones |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/rugby-world-cup/rwc-2019-japan/117131319/rugby-world-cup-final-south-africa-break-records-and-beat-all-blacks-to-milestones |website=Stuff |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103115213/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/rugby-world-cup/rwc-2019-japan/117131319/rugby-world-cup-final-south-africa-break-records-and-beat-all-blacks-to-milestones |url-status=live }}</ref> Australia's team [[Australia national rugby union team|the Wallabies]] have also managed to win the World Cup twice, despite Rugby union being less popular among Australians.<ref>{{cite web |last=Price |first=Graham |date=3 November 2019 |title=Warren Gatland failed to learn lessons of 2015 {{pipe}} Graham Price |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/warren-gatland-six-nations-hit-17190027 |website=WalesOnline |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065406/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/warren-gatland-failed-learn-lessons-17190027 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Papua New Guinea, the most popular sport is [[Rugby league]].<ref name="rl" /><ref name="rugby66" /> [[Fiji national rugby sevens team|Fiji's sevens team]] is one of the most successful in the world, as is [[New Zealand national rugby sevens team|New Zealand's]].<ref name="southemiclass" /> Australian rules football is the national sport in [[Australian rules football in Nauru|Nauru]].<ref name="naurafl" /> It has a large following in Papua New Guinea, where it is the second most popular sport after Rugby League.<ref name="miningpapua" /><ref name="msnclosure" /><ref name="footinaus" /> Additionally, it attracts significant attention across New Zealand and the [[Pacific Islands]]. The highest level of the sport is the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL), which was the fourth best attended sporting league in the world during the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 May 2015 |title=AFL still fourth-best attended sporting competition in the world |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/afl-still-fourthbest-attended-sporting-competition-in-the-world-20150520-gh5oya.html |publisher=Theage.com.au |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183052/https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/afl-still-fourthbest-attended-sporting-competition-in-the-world-20150520-gh5oya.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Football in Vanuatu|Vanuatu]] is the only country in Oceania to call [[association football]] its national sport. However, it is also the most popular sport in [[Football in Kiribati|Kiribati]], [[Football in Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]] and [[Football in Tuvalu|Tuvalu]], and has a significant (and growing) popularity in [[Soccer in Australia|Australia]]. In 2006 Australia left the [[Oceania Football Confederation]] (OFC) for the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC), and their men's team [[Australia men's national soccer team|the Socceroos]] have qualified for every subsequent [[FIFA World Cup]] as an Asian entrant.<ref name="fifa2010" /> The sole Micronesian country with membership in the OFC is Kiribati, although they are not recognised by [[FIFA]] like the other OFC members. [[Federated States of Micronesia national football team|Federated States of Micronesia]], Marshall Islands, Nauru and [[Palau national football team|Palau]] all have no presence, primarily due to lack of infrastructure and logistical difficulties related to Micronesia's remoteness.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Pohnpei: the Pacific islanders battling to become FIFA's 212th member |date=3 September 2017 |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/09/04/meet-pohnpei-the-pacific-islanders-battling-to-become-fifas-212th-member/ |publisher=Thesefootballtimes.co |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182659/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/09/04/meet-pohnpei-the-pacific-islanders-battling-to-become-fifas-212th-member/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Associate Members of OFC">{{cite web |last=Düerkop |first=Sascha |title=The Associate Members of OFC – 0:3 for football |date=5 January 2020 |url=https://footballoceania.com/2020/01/05/the-associate-members-of-ofc-03-for-football/ |access-date=30 July 2021 |publisher=Football in Oceania |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621161916/https://footballoceania.com/2020/01/05/the-associate-members-of-ofc-03-for-football/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=The Marshall Islands: The last country on Earth without a football team|url=https://theathletic.com/2935126/2021/11/13/the-marshall-islands-the-last-country-on-earth-without-a-football-team/ |publisher=Theathletic.com |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183005/https://theathletic.com/2935126/2021/11/13/the-marshall-islands-the-last-country-on-earth-without-a-football-team/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Like Australia, the Micronesian dependent territories of [[Guam national football team|Guam]] and [[Northern Mariana Islands national football team|Northern Mariana Islands]] currently compete in the AFC instead of the OFC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guamfa.com/contact-us/history-of-gfa/|title=Guam Football Association {{pipe}} History of GFA|website=Guamfa.com|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415204416/https://guamfa.com/contact-us/history-of-gfa/|url-status=live}}</ref> The OFC was dominated by Australia for many years, and became known for one-sided results.<ref name="wsc">{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Matthew |title=Australia – World Cup is a long way away |url=https://www.wsc.co.uk/the-archive/18-letter-from/2421-australia--world-cup-is-a-long-way-away |website=When Saturday Comes |access-date=2022-07-30 |archive-date=2022-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714234044/https://www.wsc.co.uk/the-archive/18-letter-from/2421-australia--world-cup-is-a-long-way-away |url-status=live }}</ref> These included a [[Australia 31–0 American Samoa|31–0 defeat]] of [[American Samoa national football team|American Samoa]] by Australia in 2001, which remains the biggest international victory in the history of the sport.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Samoa finally get 17-year monkey off their back |url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/american-samoa-finally-get-17-year-monkey-off-their-back-26795800.html |website=independent |date=26 November 2011 |access-date=2022-07-30 |archive-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511110002/https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/american-samoa-finally-get-17-year-monkey-off-their-back-26795800.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It broke the previous record set two days earlier when Australia [[Tonga 0–22 Australia|defeated Tonga 22–0]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 April 2001 |title=Samoans lose 31-0 - or was it 32-0? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/12/newsstory.sport3 |website=The Guardian |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411104243/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/12/newsstory.sport3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Australia set world record with 22-0 win over Tonga |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/australia-set-world-record-with-22-0-win-over-tonga-1.300185 |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=2022-07-30 |archive-date=2017-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704101251/http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/australia-set-world-record-with-22-0-win-over-tonga-1.300185 |url-status=live }}</ref> Australians view sport as an important part of their cultural identity, and the country performs well on the international stage, despite having a relatively small population.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Sporting Agenda Announcement {{pipe}} Commonwealth Games Australia |date=31 July 2018 |url=https://commonwealthgames.com.au/national-sporting-agenda-announcement/ |publisher=Commonwealthgames.com.au |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112172302/https://commonwealthgames.com.au/national-sporting-agenda-announcement/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They have hosted two Summer Olympics: [[1956 Summer Olympics|Melbourne 1956]] and [[2000 Summer Olympics|Sydney 2000]], and the city of Brisbane is also set to host the [[2032 Summer Olympics|2032 edition]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=Brisbane2032 {{pipe}} About Queensland and its government {{pipe}} Queensland Government |url=https://www.qld.gov.au/about/Brisbane2032 |publisher=Qld.gov.au |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111154204/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/Brisbane2032 |url-status=live }}</ref> Australia (and New Zealand) were among the small handful of non-[[communism|communist]] countries who decided to participate at [[1980 Summer Olympics|Moscow 1980]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=Olympic politics and boycotts |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/olympic-and-commonwealth-games/page-4 |website=teara.govt.nz |access-date=2022-07-30 |archive-date=2022-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503105957/https://teara.govt.nz/en/olympic-and-commonwealth-games/page-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Australia has hosted five editions of the [[Commonwealth Games]] ([[1938 British Empire Games|Sydney 1938]], [[1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|Perth 1962]], [[1982 Commonwealth Games|Brisbane 1982]], [[2006 Commonwealth Games|Melbourne 2006]], [[2018 Commonwealth Games|Gold Coast 2018]]). Meanwhile, New Zealand has hosted the Commonwealth Games three times: [[1950 British Empire Games|Auckland 1950]], [[1974 British Commonwealth Games|Christchurch 1974]] and [[1990 Commonwealth Games|Auckland 1990]]. The [[Pacific Games]] (formerly known as the South Pacific Games) is a multi-sport event, much like the Olympics on a much smaller scale, with participation exclusively from countries around the Pacific. It is held every four years and began in 1963. Australia and New Zealand competed in the games for the first time in 2015.<ref name="abc20140703" /> Melbourne hosts the [[Australian Open]] every year, considered one of the four major [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments in [[tennis]]. It was held for the first time in 1905.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Open {{pipe}} tennis tournament {{pipe}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/Australian-Open |website=Britannica.com |access-date=2022-07-30 |archive-date=2022-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712125009/https://www.britannica.com/sports/Australian-Open |url-status=live }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page