Feminism

=== Fascism ===
{{further|Fascism and ideology|Women in Nazi Germany}}
[[File:Feministas en lucha anti Pinochet (de Kena Lorenzini).jpg|thumb|Chilean feminists protest against the [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)|regime of Augusto Pinochet]].]]
Fascism has been prescribed dubious stances on feminism by its practitioners and by women's groups. Amongst other demands concerning social reform presented in the [[Fascist manifesto]] in 1919 was expanding the suffrage to all Italian citizens of age 18 and above, including women (accomplished only in 1946, after the defeat of fascism) and eligibility for all to stand for office from age 25. This demand was particularly championed by special Fascist women's auxiliary groups such as the ''fasci femminilli'' and only partly realized in 1925, under pressure from dictator [[Benito Mussolini]]'s more conservative coalition partners.<ref name="hagg">{{cite book |last=Hägg |first=Göran |year=2008 |title=Mussolini: En studie i makt |trans-title=A study in power |language=sv |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-1-301949-9}}</ref><ref name="passmore">{{cite book |last=Passmore |first=Kevin |author-link=Definitions of fascism#Kevin Passmore |year=2003 |title=Women, Gender and Fascism in Europe, 1919–45 |publisher=Rutgers Univ. Press |location=Piscataway, N.J. |isbn=978-0-8135-3308-7}}</ref>

Cyprian Blamires states that although feminists were among those who opposed the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]], feminism has a complicated relationship with the [[Nazi]] movement as well. While Nazis glorified traditional notions of patriarchal society and its role for women, they claimed to recognize women's equality in employment.<ref name=Blamires>{{cite book |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia |last=Blamires |first=Cyprian |volume=1 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-940-9 |pages=232–33|year=2006 }}</ref> However, Hitler and Mussolini declared themselves as opposed to feminism,<ref name=Blamires/> and after the rise of [[Nazism]] in Germany in 1933, there was a rapid dissolution of the political rights and economic opportunities that feminists had fought for during the pre-war period and to some extent during the 1920s.<ref name=hww5/> Georges Duby et al. write that in practice fascist society was hierarchical and emphasized male virility, with women maintaining a largely subordinate position.<ref name=hww5>{{cite book|last1=Duby |first1=Georges |last2=Perrot |first2=Michelle |last3=Schmitt Pantel |first3=Pauline |title=A History of Women in the West |year=1994 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-40369-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwomenin00gold/page/600 600] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwomenin00gold/page/600 }}</ref> Blamires also writes that [[Neo-fascism|neofascism]] has since the 1960s been hostile towards feminism and advocates that women accept "their traditional roles".<ref name=Blamires/>