Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

=== Closed captioning ===
[[CBC Television]] was an early leader in broadcasting programming with [[closed captioning]] for the [[Hearing-impaired|hearing impaired]], airing its first captioned programming in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbc.radio-canada.ca/history/1980s.shtml |title=CBC/RadioCanada–History–1980s |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628204745/http://cbc.radio-canada.ca/history/1980s.shtml |archive-date=June 28, 2010 }}</ref> Captioned programming in Canada began with the airing of ''[[Clown White]]'' in English-language and French-language versions on CBC Television and Radio-Canada, respectively. Most sources list that event as occurring in 1981,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.ic.gc.ca/cbc/radiotv/decades/1980/br.html |title=Welcome to.../Bienvenue à |publisher=Collections.ic.gc.ca |date=May 1, 2001 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511123721/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/cbc/radiotv/decades/1980/br.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref> while others list the year as 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cab-acr.ca/english/social/captioning/captioning.pdf#search=%22%22clown%20white%22%20captioning%22|title=Closed captioning standards and protocol for Canadian English language television programming services|publisher=Canadian Association of Broadcasters|year=2008|access-date=September 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004004820/http://www.cab-acr.ca/english/social/captioning/captioning.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1997, Henry Vlug, a deaf lawyer in Vancouver, filed a complaint with the [[Canadian Human Rights Commission]] (CHRC) alleging that an absence of captioning on some programming on CBC Television and [[Newsworld]] infringed on his rights as a person with a disability. A ruling in 2000 by the [[Canadian Human Rights Tribunal]], which later heard the case, sided with Vlug and found that an absence of captioning constituted [[disability discrimination|discrimination on the basis of disability]]. The Tribunal ordered CBC Television and Newsworld to caption the entirety of their broadcast days, "including television shows, commercials, promos, and unscheduled news flashes, from sign-on until sign off".<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Vlug v. CBC |url=http://www.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca/search/view_html.asp?doid=271&lg=_e&isruling=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033044/http://www.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca/search/view_html.asp?doid=271&lg=_e&isruling=0 |archive-date=February 27, 2012 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |publisher=Chrt-tcdp.gc.ca}}</ref>

The ruling recognized that "there will inevitably be glitches with respect to the delivery of captioning", but that "the rule should be full captioning". In a negotiated settlement to avoid appealing the ruling to the [[Federal Court of Canada]], the CBC agreed to commence 100% captioning on CBC Television and Newsworld beginning November 1, 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/client/site/includes/print.asp?lang=en&print=1&url=%2Fmedia%5Froom%2Fnews%5Freleases%2Den%2Easp&id=247 |title=Canadian Human Rights Commission :: Resources :: News Room :: News Releases |publisher=Chrc-ccdp.ca |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201203905/http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/client/site/includes/print.asp?lang=en&print=1&url=%2Fmedia_room%2Fnews_releases-en.asp&id=247 |archive-date=December 1, 2008 }}</ref> CBC Television and Newsworld are the only broadcasters in the world required to caption the entire broadcast day. However, published evidence asserts that CBC is not providing the 100% captioning ordered by the Tribunal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://joeclark.org/access/captioning/CBC/background/|title=Backgroung: CBC captioning, errors and omissions|first=Joe|last=Clark|date=August 3, 2006|access-date=September 30, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023055/http://joeclark.org/access/captioning/CBC/background/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2004, Canadian retired senator [[Jean-Robert Gauthier]], a hard-of-hearing person, filed a complaint with the CHRC against Radio-Canada concerning captioning, particularly the absence of real-time captioning on newscasts and other live programming. As part of the settlement process, Radio-Canada agreed to submit a report on the state of captioning, especially real-time captioning, on Radio-Canada and [[Réseau de l'information|RDI]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/client/site/includes/print.asp?lang=en&print=1&url=%2Fwhats%5Fnew%2Fdefault%2Den%2Easp&id=289 |title=Canadian Human Rights Commission :: Resources :: What's New |publisher=Chrc-ccdp.ca |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201203933/http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/client/site/includes/print.asp?lang=en&print=1&url=%2Fwhats_new%2Fdefault-en.asp&id=289 |archive-date=December 1, 2008 }}</ref> The report, which was the subject of some criticism, proposed an arrangement with [[La Cité collégiale|Cité Collégiale]], a college in Ottawa, to train more French-language real-time captioners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/client/site/includes/print.asp?lang=en&print=1&url=%2Fmedia%5Froom%2Ftoc%5Ftdm%2Den%2Easp |title=Canadian Human Rights Commission :: Resources :: News Room :: Télévision de Radio-Canada's Working Committee |publisher=Chrc-ccdp.ca |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902210740/http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/client/site/includes/print.asp?lang=en&print=1&url=%2Fmedia_room%2Ftoc_tdm-en.asp |archive-date=September 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://joeclark.org/access/captioning/CBC/background/Gauthier/ |title=Response to report on captioning on French CBC channels (Joe Clark: Media Access) |publisher=Joe Clark |access-date=February 19, 2011 |archive-date=December 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219081558/http://joeclark.org/access/captioning/CBC/background/Gauthier/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

English-language [[List of Canadian specialty services|specialty networks]] owned or co-owned by CBC, including [[Documentary (TV channel)|documentary]], have the lower captioning requirements typical of larger Canadian broadcasters (90% of the broadcast day by the end of both networks' licence terms).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Decision CRTC 2000-453|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/eng/Decisions/2000/DB2000-453.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202123122/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/eng/Decisions/2000/DB2000-453.htm|archive-date=December 2, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Decision CRTC 2000-455|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/2000/DB2000-455.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202123117/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/2000/DB2000-455.htm|archive-date=December 2, 2008}}</ref> [[ARTV]], the French-language specialty network co-owned by CBC, has a minimum captioning requirement of 53%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/2000/DB2000-386.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202123112/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/2000/DB2000-386.htm|url-status=dead|title=Decision CRTC 2000-386|archive-date=December 2, 2008}}</ref>