Thomas Aquinas

==== Social justice ====
{{Integralism |expanded=people}}
Thomas defines [[distributive justice]] as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summa Theologiae: The parts of Justice (Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 61) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3061.htm |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><blockquote>[I]n distributive justice something is given to a private individual, in so far as what belongs to the whole is due to the part, and in a quantity that is proportionate to the importance of the position of that part in respect of the whole. Consequently, in distributive justice a person receives all the more of the common goods, according as he holds a more prominent position in the community. This prominence in an aristocratic community is gauged according to virtue, in an oligarchy according to wealth, in a democracy according to liberty, and in various ways according to various forms of community. Hence in distributive justice the mean is observed, not according to equality between thing and thing, but according to proportion between things and persons: in such a way that even as one person surpasses another, so that which is given to one person surpasses that which is allotted to another.</blockquote>Thomas asserts that Christians have a duty to distribute with provision to the poorest of society.<ref>Gilson, Etienne, ''The Christian Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas'', University of Notre Dame Press, 1994</ref>

"[[Social justice]]" is a term that arose in the 19th century in the writings of Luigi Taparelli,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2014 |title=The Origins of Social Justice: Taparelli d'Azeglio |url=https://isi.org/intercollegiate-review/the-origins-of-social-justice-taparelli-dazeglio/}}</ref> and it was his term for the reality Thomas Aquinas called "legal justice" or "general justice". Legal or social justice is the contribution of the individual to the common good. So for Thomas, distributive justice goes in the direction from the [[common good]] to the individual, and is a proportional distribution of common goods, to individuals based on their contribution to the community. Legal or general justice, or what came to be called social justice, goes in the other direction, from the individuals to the common good.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aquinas.cc/la/en/~Eth.Bk5|title=Aquinas|website=aquinas.cc}}</ref>

It is helpful to understand as well other related types of justice: if social justice is from the individual to the community, and distributive justice is from the community to the individual, there is also commutative justice (between two individuals, as in buying and selling, or stealing and returning) as well as retributive justice (rectifications that occur to restore justice, once justice has been violated).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aquinas.cc/la/en/~ST.II-II.Q61|title=Aquinas|website=aquinas.cc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3061.htm|title=SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The parts of Justice (Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 61)|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>