Rome

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Rome}}
[[File:Aeroporto di Roma-Fiumicino in 2021.03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport]].]]
[[File:Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG|thumb|right|[[Port of Civitavecchia]]]]

Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the [[Capitoline Hill]] and connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at a distance of about {{cvt|10|km|mi|0}} from the Capitol, by the ring-road (the [[Grande Raccordo Anulare]] or GRA).

Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal [[railway node]] for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, [[Roma Termini railway station|Termini]], is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city, [[Roma Tiburtina railway station|Roma Tiburtina]], has been redeveloped as a [[High-speed rail in Italy|high-speed rail]] terminus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203063001/http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2006 |title=Eurostar Italia Alta Velocità |date=3 December 2006}}</ref> As well as frequent high-speed day trains to all major Italian cities, Rome is linked nightly by 'boat train' sleeper services to Sicily, and internationally by overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna.

Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental [[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport|Leonardo da Vinci International Airport]], Italy's chief airport is located in the nearby [[Fiumicino]], south-west of Rome. The older [[Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport|Rome Ciampino Airport]] is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is located beside [[Ciampino]], south-east of Rome. A third airport, the [[Rome Urbe Airport]], is a small, low-traffic airport located about {{cvt|6|km|0}} north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights. The main airport system of the city (composed of Fiumicino and Ciampino), with 32.8 million passengers transported in 2022, is the second busiest airport system in Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiche Dati di Traffico Aeroportuale Italiano |url=https://assaeroporti.com/statistiche/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Assaeroporti |language=it-IT}}</ref>

Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea ([[Ostia (Rome)|Lido di Ostia]]), this has only a marina and a small channel-harbour for fishing boats. The main harbour which serves Rome is [[Port of Civitavecchia]], located about {{cvt|62|km|abbr=off}} northwest of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Porti di Roma |url=http://www.port-of-rome.org/ |access-date=6 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307140526/http://www.port-of-rome.org/ |archive-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>

The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size. Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major European cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Central Rome Streets Blocked by Taxi Drivers |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/30/world/europe/30rome.html?scp=93&sq=Rome&st=nyt |date=30 November 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008 |first=Peter |last=Kiefer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417112759/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/30/world/europe/30rome.html?scp=93&sq=Rome&st=nyt |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref>{{Better citation needed|28=January 2024|reason=data is out of date|date=January 2024}} Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during daylight hours. Areas, where these restrictions apply, are known as Limited Traffic Zones (''Zona a Traffico Limitato'' (ZTL)). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in [[Trastevere]], [[Testaccio]] and [[San Lorenzo (Rome)|San Lorenzo]] has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts.

[[File:Roma Metropolitana e Ferrovia 2012.png|thumb|Roma Metrorail and Underground map, 2016]]
[[File:Inaugurazione metro B1.jpg|thumb|[[Conca d'Oro (Rome Metro)|Conca d'Oro]] metro station]]
A three-line metro system called the ''[[Rome Metro|Metropolitana]]'' operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dyson |first=Stephen L. |title=Archaeology, Ideology and Urbanism in Rome from the Grand Tour to Berlusconi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ECCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |year=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87459-5 |page=192 |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523031404/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ECCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |url-status=live}}</ref> The line had been planned to quickly connect the [[Roma Termini railway station|main railway station]] with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where 1942 the [[List of world expositions|World Fair]] was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed [[EUR, Rome|Esposizione Universale Roma]] in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line.

The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of €500&nbsp;million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of {{cvt|3.9|km|mi|0}}.

A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3&nbsp;billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of {{cvt|25.5|km|mi|0}}. It will partly replace the existing [[Roma Termini railway station|Termini]]-Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Kington |title=Roman remains threaten metro |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/14/italy.artnews |work=[[The Guardian|Guardian]] |date=14 May 2007 |access-date=10 August 2008 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831074912/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/14/italy.artnews |archive-date=31 August 2013}}</ref> The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro C, apre la Pantano-Centocelle: folla di romani all'inaugurazione |url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/ROMA/CRONACA/metro_c_atac_sindaco_apertura_pantano_centocelle/notizie/1002186.shtml |access-date=11 November 2014 |work=Il Messaggero |date=9 November 2014 |language=it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111014416/http://ilmessaggero.it/ROMA/CRONACA/metro_c_atac_sindaco_apertura_pantano_centocelle/notizie/1002186.shtml |archive-date=11 November 2014}}</ref> The end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work.

A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of {{cvt|20|km|mi|0}}. The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis, the project has been put on hold.

Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has {{cvt|39|km|0}} of track and 192 stops.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?p=2&i=616&o=3&m=1&a=7&ci=45&tpg=2&lingua=ITA |title=ATAC |website=atac.roma.it |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106212503/http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?p=2&i=616&o=3&m=1&a=7&ci=45&tpg=2&lingua=ITA |archive-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> There are also [[trolleybus]]es.<ref name="juts2009">{{cite book |title=Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009–2010 |last=Webb |first=Mary |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7106-2903-6 |location=Coulsdon |oclc=316826596}}</ref>