South Korea

=== Aerospace engineering ===
{{Main|Korea Aerospace Research Institute}}
[[File:KSLV-II Nuri Launch 2021-10-21.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Nuri (rocket)|KSLV-II Nuri]] during liftoff]]
South Korea has sent up 10 satellites since 1992, all using foreign rockets and overseas launch pads, notably [[Arirang-1]] in 1999, and [[Arirang-2]] in 2006 as part of its space partnership with Russia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Korea, Russia Enter Full-Fledged Space Partnership|url=http://www.defencetalk.com/korea-russia-enter-full-fledged-space-partnership-12504/|newspaper=Defence Talk|date=5 July 2007|access-date=7 June 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212749/http://www.defencetalk.com/korea-russia-enter-full-fledged-space-partnership-12504/|url-status=live}}</ref> Arirang-1 was lost in space in 2008, after nine years in service.<ref>[http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/South_Korea_Confirms_Contact_With_Satellite_Lost_999.html South Korea Confirms Contact With Satellite Lost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809123146/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/South_Korea_Confirms_Contact_With_Satellite_Lost_999.html |date=9 August 2014 }}, Space Daily, 7 January 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2010.</ref> In April 2008, [[Yi So-yeon]] became the first Korean to fly in space, aboard the Russian [[Soyuz TMA-12]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3708907.ece "Scientist Yi So Yeon becomes first Korean astronaut"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163430/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3708907.ece |date=29 June 2011 }}, ''The Times'' (London), 9 April 2008</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7335874.stm "First S Korean astronaut launches"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626221230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7335874.stm |date=26 June 2018 }}. BBC News (8 April 2008). Retrieved 17 April 2015.</ref>

In June 2009, the first [[spaceport]] of South Korea, [[Naro Space Center]], was completed at [[Goheung]], [[South Jeolla Province]].<ref>[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/113_46562.html "S. Korea Completes Work on Naro Space Center"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417164905/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/113_46562.html |date=17 April 2015 }}, ''The Korea Times'' (Seoul), 10 June 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2010.</ref> The launch of [[Naro-1]] in January 2013 was a success, after two previous failed attempts.<ref>{{cite web |author=Chris Bergin |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/01/south-korea-stsat-2c-via-kslv-1/ |title=South Korea launch STSAT-2C via KSLV-1 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=4 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204100245/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/01/south-korea-stsat-2c-via-kslv-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Efforts to build an indigenous space launch vehicle have been marred by persistent political pressure from the United States, who had for many decades hindered South Korea's indigenous rocket and missile development programs<ref>{{cite news |title=South Korea's first rocket ready&nbsp;– at last |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/KH11Dg01.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724180258/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/KH11Dg01.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2012 |work=Asia Times |location=Hong Kong |date=11 August 2009 |access-date=21 August 2010 }}</ref> in fear of their possible connection to clandestine military ballistic missile programs, which Korea many times insisted did not violate the research and development guidelines stipulated by US-Korea agreements on restriction of rocket technology research and development.<ref>{{cite news |title= S. Korea DAPA commissioner confirms 500 km-range ballistic missile development research |url= http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/381039.html |work= The Hankyeoreh |date= 9 October 2009 |access-date= 21 August 2010 |archive-date= 11 May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182610/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/381039.html |url-status= live }}</ref> South Korea has sought the assistance of foreign countries such as Russia through [[MTCR]] commitments to supplement its restricted domestic rocket technology. The two failed KSLV-I [[launch vehicle]]s were based on the [[Universal Rocket Module]], the first stage of the Russian [[Angara rocket]], combined with a solid-fueled second stage built by South Korea.

On 21 October 2021, the [[KSLV-2]] Nuri was successfully launched, and South Korea became a country with its own space projectile technology.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=South Korea succeeds in putting satellites into orbit, 7th in world |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/06/292e01462a69-update1-s-korea-succeeds-in-putting-satellites-into-orbit-7th-in-world.html?phrase=masks&words= |publisher=Kyodo News}}</ref>