Russia

=== Agriculture and fishery ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Russia|Fishing industry in Russia}}
[[File:Wheat Tomsk.jpg|thumb|left|Wheat in [[Tomsk Oblast]], Siberia]]
Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force.<ref name="agriculturebritannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy |title=Russia – Economy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> It has the world's [[Land use statistics by country|third-largest cultivated area]], at {{convert|1265267|km2}}. However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is [[agricultural land|agricultural]],<ref name="cia"/> and only 7.4% of its land is [[arable land|arable]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS?locations=RU |title=Arable land (% of land area) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "[[breadbasket]]" of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/system-shock-russias-war-and-global-food-energy-and-mineral-supply-chains|title=System Shock: Russia's War and Global Food, Energy, and Mineral Supply Chains|work=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=13 April 2022|access-date=24 June 2022|quote=Together, Russia and Ukraine—sometimes referred to as the breadbasket of Europe—account for 29% of global wheat exports, 80% of the world’s sunflower oil, and 40% of its barley.}}</ref> More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to [[Nonfood crop|industrial crop]]s, vegetables, and fruits.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies considerably more than half of the cropland.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> Russia is the world's [[List of countries by wheat exports|largest exporter of wheat]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-22/russia-s-dominance-of-the-wheat-world-keeps-growing |title=Russia's Dominance of the Wheat World Keeps Growing |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |first1=Anatoly |last1=Medetsky |first2=Megan |last2=Durisin |date=23 September 2020 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/wheat/reporter/rus?redirect=true|title=Wheat in Russia &#124; OEC|website=OEC – The Observatory of Economic Complexity}}</ref> the [[List of countries by barley production|largest producer of barley]] and [[List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities|buckwheat]], among the largest exporters of [[maize]] and [[sunflower oil]], and the leading producer of [[fertilizer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf|title=The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict|date=25 March 2022|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|location=[[Rome]]|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref>

Various analysts of [[climate change adaptation]] foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html |title=How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Abrahm |last=Lustgarten |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=15 June 2021|url-access=limited|quote=Across Eastern Russia, wild forests, swamps and grasslands are slowly being transformed into orderly grids of soybeans, corn and wheat. It’s a process that is likely to accelerate: Russia hopes to seize on the warming temperatures and longer growing seasons brought by climate change to refashion itself as one of the planet’s largest producers of food}}</ref> Owing to its large coastline along three oceans and twelve marginal seas, Russia [[Fishing industry in Russia|maintains]] the world's [[Fishing industry by country|sixth-largest fishing industry]]; capturing nearly 5 million tons of fish in 2018.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |date=2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |location=[[Rome]] |isbn=978-92-5-130562-1}}</ref> It is home to the world's finest caviar, the [[Beluga (sturgeon)|beluga]]; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/>