History of Christianity

====War====
Reforming zeal and Catholic denial spread through much of Europe and became entangled with local politics. Already involved in dynastic wars, the quarreling royal houses became polarized into the two religious camps.{{sfn|Matthews|Platt|1992|pp=329–331}} "Religious" wars, ranging from international wars to internal conflicts,  began in the Holy Roman Empire with the minor [[Knights' Revolt]] in 1522, then intensified in the First [[Schmalkaldic War]] (1546–1547) and the [[Second Schmalkaldic War]] (1552–1555).{{sfn|Onnekink|2016|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|Engels|1978|p=442}} In 1562, France became the centre of [[French Wars of Religion|religious wars]].{{sfn|Parker|2023}} The involvement of foreign powers made the [[Thirty Years War]] (1618–1648) the largest and most disastrous.{{sfn|Onnekink|2016|p=3}}

The causes of these wars were mixed. Many scholars see them as fought to obtain security and freedom for differing religious confessions, however, most have interpreted these wars as struggles for political independence that coincided with the break up of medieval empires into the modern nation states.{{sfn|Onnekink|2016|pp=3,6}}{{sfn|Parker|2023}}{{refn|group=note| Theorists such as John Kelsay and James Turner Johnson argue that these religious wars were varieties of the ''[[Just war]]'' tradition for liberty and freedom.{{sfn|Onnekink|2016|p=10}} [[William T. Cavanaugh]] points out that many historians argue these ‘‘wars of religion’’ were not primarily religious, but were more about state-building, nationalism, and economics.{{sfn|Murphy|2014b|p=481}} If they had been motivated most deeply by religion, Catholics would fight Protestants, whereas Catholics often formed alliances with Protestants to fight other Catholics and vice versa. Historian Barbara Diefendorf argues that religious motives were always mixed with other motives, but the simple fact of Catholics fighting Catholics and Protestants fighting Protestants is not sufficient to prove the absence of religious motives, since religious conflict is often "familial".{{sfn|Murphy|2014b|pp=484–485}} According to Marxist theorist Henry Heller, there was "a rising tide of commoner hostility to noble oppression and growing perception of collusion between Protestant and Catholic nobles".{{sfn|Heller|1996|p=853–861}}}}
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