Harry S. Truman

== Post-presidency (1953–1972) ==

===Financial situation===
[[File:Lyndon Johnson signing Medicare bill, with Harry Truman, July 30, 1965.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15 |alt=Two men at a desk with a document one is signing with their wives standing behind them|Truman and his wife Bess attend the signing of the [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] Bill on {{nowrap|July 30, 1965}}, by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]]]

Before being elected as Jackson County judge, Truman had earned little money, and was in debt from the failure of his haberdashery. His election as senator in 1934 carried with it a salary of $10,000 (about $210,000 in 2022), high for the time, but the need to maintain two homes, with one in expensive Washington, Margaret Truman's college expenses, and contributions to the support of needy relatives, left the Trumans little extra money. He likely had around $7,500 in cash and government bonds when nominated for vice president.<ref name = "show" />

His finances were transformed by his accession to the presidency, which carried with it a salary of $75,000 ($1.24 million in 2022), which was increased to $100,000 in 1949 (about $1.25 million in 2022). This was more than any [[Major League Baseball]] star except [[Joe DiMaggio]], who also earned $100,000 in his final two seasons (1950 and 1951). Beginning in 1949, the president was also granted a $50,000 expense allowance ($589,000 in 2022), which was initially tax-free, and did not have to be accounted for. Although the allowance became taxable later in his presidency, Truman never reported it on his tax return, and converted some of the funds to cash he kept in the White House safe and later in a safe deposit box in Kansas City.<ref name = "show" />

Upon leaving the presidency, Truman returned to Independence, Missouri, to live at the [[Harry S. Truman National Historic Site|Wallace home]] he and Bess had shared for years with her mother.{{sfn|Truman Library|2012i}} In a biography that contributed greatly to the myth that Truman was near penury after departing the White House,<ref name = "show" /> [[David McCullough]] stated that the Trumans had little alternative than to return to Independence, for his only income was his army pension of $112.56 per month ({{Inflation|US|112.56|1953|fmt=eq}}), and he had only been able to save a modest amount from his salary as president.{{sfn|McCullough|1992|p=1099}} In February 1953, Truman signed a book deal for his memoirs, and in a draft will dated December of that year listed land worth $250,000, savings bonds of the same amount, and cash of $150,000.<ref name = "show" /> He wrote, "Bonds, land, and cash all come from savings of presidential salary and free expense account. It should keep you and Margaret comfortably."<ref name = "show">{{cite news|last=Campos|first=Paul|date=July 24, 2021|title=The Truman Show|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/07/the-truman-show.html|access-date=July 26, 2021}}</ref>

The writing of the memoirs was a struggle for Truman, and he went through a dozen collaborators during the project,{{sfn|McCullough|1992|pp=936–938, 945–947}} not all of whom served him well,{{sfn|Ferrell|1994|p=385}} but he remained heavily involved in the result.{{sfn|Young|Schilling|2019|p=168n5}} For the memoirs, Truman received a payment of $670,000 ({{Inflation|US|670000|1955|fmt=eq}}).{{sfn|Ferrell|1994|p=387}} The memoirs were a commercial and critical success.{{sfn|''Time''|August 13, 1956}}<ref name="nevins" /> They were published in two volumes: ''Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Year of Decisions'' (1955) and ''Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Years of Trial and Hope'' (1956).{{sfn|Truman|1955|loc=title page}}{{sfn|Truman|1956| loc=title page}}

Former members of Congress and the federal courts received a federal retirement package; President Truman himself ensured that former servants of the executive branch of government received similar support. In 1953, however, there was no such benefit package for former presidents, and Congressional pensions were not approved until 1946, after Truman had left the Senate, so he received no pension for his Senate service.{{sfn|Dallek|2008|p=150}} Truman, behind the scenes, lobbied for a pension, writing to congressional leaders that he had been near penury but for the sale of family farmlands, and in February 1958, in the first televised interview of a former US president that aired on CBS, Truman claimed that "If I hadn't inherited some property that finally paid things through, I'd be on relief right now."<ref name = "show" /> That year, Congress passed the [[Former Presidents Act]], offering a $25,000 ({{Inflation|US|25000|1958|fmt=eq}}) yearly pension to each former president, and it is likely that Truman's claim to be in difficult financial straits played a role in the law's enactment.{{sfn|Smith|2008}} The only other living former president at the time, [[Herbert Hoover]], also took the pension, even though he did not need the money; reportedly, he did so to avoid embarrassing Truman.{{sfn|Martin|1960|p=249}}

Truman's net worth improved further in 1958 when he and his siblings sold most of the family farm to a Kansas City real estate developer.{{sfn|Burnes|2003|pp=23–24}} When he was serving as a county judge, Truman borrowed $31,000 ({{Inflation|US|31000|1953|fmt=eq}}) by mortgaging the farm to the county school fund, which was legal at the time.{{sfn|Burnes|2003|pp=23–24}} When Republicans controlled the court in 1940, they foreclosed in an effort to embarrass Truman politically, and his mother and sister Mary Jane had to vacate the home.{{sfn|Burnes|2003|pp=23–24}} In 1945, Truman organized a syndicate of supporters who purchased the farm with the understanding that they would sell it back to the Trumans.{{sfn|Burnes|2003|pp=23–24}} Harry and Vivian Truman purchased 87 acres in 1945, and Truman purchased another portion in 1946.{{sfn|Burnes|2003|pp=23–24}} In January 1959, Truman calculated his net worth as $1,046,788.86 ($10.71 million in 2022), including a share in the [[Los Angeles Rams]] football team. Nevertheless, the Trumans always lived modestly in Independence, and when Bess Truman died in 1982, almost a decade after her husband, the house was found to be in poor condition due to deferred maintenance.<ref name = "show" />

Bess Truman's personal papers were made public in 2009,<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=February 14, 2009|title=24,000 Pages of Bess Truman's Family Papers Are Released|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/us/15truman.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> including financial records and tax returns. The myth that Truman had been in straitened circumstances after his presidency was slow to dissipate; [[Paul Campos]] wrote in 2021, "The current, 20,000-plus-word Wikipedia biography of Truman goes so far as to assert that, because his earlier business ventures had failed, Truman left the White House with 'no personal savings.' Every aspect of this narrative is false."<ref name="show" />{{efn|That claim was removed from this article on August 1, 2021, with {{Diff|Harry S. Truman|prev|1036528045|this edit}}.}}

===Truman Library and academic positions===
{{See also|Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum}}
Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had organized his own [[Presidential library system|presidential library]], but legislation to enable future presidents to do something similar had not been enacted. Truman worked to garner private donations to build a presidential library, which he donated to the federal government to maintain and operate—a practice adopted by his successors.{{sfn|Burnes|2003|pp=217–218}}

He testified before Congress to have money appropriated to have presidential papers copied and organized. He was proud of the bill's passage in 1957. Max Skidmore, in his book on the life of former presidents, wrote that Truman was a well-read man, especially in history. Skidmore added that the presidential papers legislation and the founding of his library "was the culmination of his interest in history. Together they constitute an enormous contribution to the United States—one of the greatest of any former president."{{sfn|Skidmore|2004|pp=123–124}}

Truman taught occasional courses at universities, including [[Yale]], where he was a [[Chubb Fellowship|Chubb Fellow]] visiting lecturer in 1958.<ref>Robert H. Ferrell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=23TCa3XhmzIC&q=%22harry+s.+truman%22+yale+acheson+lecture Farewell to the Chief: Former Presidents in American Public Life], 1991, page 52</ref> In 1962, Truman was a visiting lecturer at [[Canisius College]].<ref>U.S. Government Printing Office, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tNeCQmT1_jYC&q=public+lecture+series Congressional Record], Volume 108, Part 4, 1962, page 5168.</ref>

===Politics===
Truman supported Adlai Stevenson's second bid for the White House in 1956, although he had initially favored Democratic governor [[W. Averell Harriman]] of New York.{{sfn|Ohio State|2012}} He continued to campaign for Democratic senatorial candidates for many years.{{sfn|Truman Library|1965}}

In 1960 Truman gave a public statement announcing he would not attend the [[1960 Democratic National Convention|Democratic Convention]] that year, citing concerns about the way that the supporters of [[John F. Kennedy]] had gained control of the nominating process, and called on Kennedy to forgo the nomination for that year.<ref name= "Truman 1960">President Truman, {{YouTube|y49FJYbjA4I|Truman Criticism of JFK}}, Press Conference / July 2, 1960.</ref> Kennedy responded with a press conference where he bluntly rebuffed Truman's advice.<ref name= "Kennedy 1960">Senator John F. Kennedy, {{YouTube|2B5WmdWGJco|Kennedy Responds to Truman}}, Press Conference / July 4, 1960.</ref>

Despite his supportive stance on civil rights during his presidency, Truman expressed criticism of the [[civil rights movement]] during the 1960s. In 1960, he stated that he believed the [[sit-in movement]] to be part of a Soviet plot.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Clayton|last=Knowles|title=TRUMAN BELIEVES REDS LEAD SIT-INS; Says Communists Organized Them as They Started Sitdown Strikes in '37| work=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/04/19/105427798.html?pageNumber=21|date=April 19, 1960|access-date=November 23, 2021|language=en}}</ref> Truman's statement garnered a response from [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], who wrote a letter to the former president stating that he was "baffled" by the accusation, and demanded a public apology.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=University|first1= Stanford|last2=Stanford|last3=California 94305|date=July 28, 2014|title=To Harry S. Truman|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/harry-s-truman|access-date=November 23, 2021|website=The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute|language=en}}</ref> Truman would later criticize King following the [[Selma to Montgomery marches|Selma march]] in 1965, believing the protest to be "silly" and claiming that it "can't accomplish a darn thing except to attract attention."<ref>{{Cite web|title=MLK to Truman: Selma March 'Not Silly'|date=March 5, 2015 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/selma-50th-anniversary/mlk-truman-selma-march-not-silly-n318151|access-date=November 23, 2021|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en}}</ref> In 1963, Truman voiced his opposition to [[interracial marriage]], believing that daughters of white people would never love someone of an opposite color.<ref>{{cite book|title=The White House Goes South: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson|first=William Edward|last=Leuchtenburg|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana|date=2005|isbn=978-0807132869}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=William D.|last=Zabel|title=Interracial Marriage and the Law|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|date=October 1965}}</ref>

Upon turning 80 in 1964, Truman was feted in Washington, and addressed the Senate, availing himself of a new rule that allowed former presidents to be granted [[Floor privileges of the United States Senate|privilege of the floor]].{{sfn|McCullough|1992|p=983}}

===Medicare===
After a fall in his home in late 1964, Truman's physical condition declined. In 1965, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed the [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] bill at the [[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum]] and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess to honor the former president's fight for government health care while in office.{{sfn|Truman Library|1965}}